Schematic representation of different therapeutic effects (a) without or (b) with the inhibition of Exo1. Although the same level of heat was generated due to the inhibition of Exo1, more PEGylated MoS2 NSs accumulated in the cancer cells, and the gentle heat generated by these NSs directly damaged the organelles and proteins inside the cells. However, without the inhibition of Exo1, a certain number of the NSs were expelled from the cells. Because of the protection of the cell membranes and cellular homeostasis, the gentle heat generated by these NSs did not directly affect the organelles and proteins inside the cells.