Table 3.
Clinical correlations with robotic reaching performance
| AIS | PVI | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Contralesional | Ipsilesional | Contralesional | Ipsilesional | |||||
| Out | Back | Out | Back | Out | Back | Out | Back | |
| AHA | ||||||||
| PS (cm/s) | 0.070 | −0.076 | − 0.33 | 0.00 | ||||
| RT (s) | −0.32 | − 0.19 | − 0.39 | − 0.41 | − 0.36 | − 0.23 | 0.0060 | − 0.054 |
| IDE (°) | − 0.58 | − 0.57 | − 0.20 | 0.053 | − 0.18 | − 0.47 | − 0.014 | − 0.090 |
| IDR | 0.51 | 0.63* | 0.14 | 0.065 | 0.34 | 0.29 | 0.21 | 0.26 |
| ISR | 0.35 | 0.25 | −0.12 | 0.17 | 0.22 | 0.26 | 0.14 | 0.091 |
| SMC | −0.67* | − 0.48 | − 0.041 | 0.028 | − 0.33 | 0.26 | 0.079 | 0.35 |
| MMSD (cm/s) | −0.55 | − 0.75* | − 0.40 | − 0.24 | − 0.42 | 0.14 | − 0.11 | 0.43 |
| MT (s) | −0.60* | − 0.72* | 0.24 | 0.066 | −0.64* | − 0.55 | − 0.19 | − 0.062 |
| PLR | − 0.41 | − 0.52 | − 0.43 | − 0.18 | − 0.44 | − 0.32 | 0.24 | 0.36 |
| MS (cm/s) | 0.073 | 0.063 | −0.41 | − 0.40 | 0.31 | 0.47 | 0.48 | 0.45 |
| MA | ||||||||
| PS (cm/s) | 0.10 | 0.11 | −0.46 | −0.16 | ||||
| RT (s) | − 0.36 | −0.37 | − 0.31 | −0.36 | − 0.53 | −0.36 | − 0.42 | −0.32 |
| IDE (°) | −0.47 | −0.46 | − 0.12 | −0.022 | − 0.25 | −0.49 | − 0.20 | −0.061 |
| IDR | 0.32 | 0.46 | 0.12 | 0.13 | 0.13 | 0.22 | 0.17 | 0.040 |
| ISR | 0.31 | 0.19 | −0.039 | 0.15 | 0.0050 | 0.44 | −0.11 | −0.14 |
| SMC | −0.53 | −0.32 | − 0.0050 | −0.0040 | − 0.23 | 0.35 | 0.083 | 0.52 |
| MMSD (cm/s) | −0.42 | −0.63* | − 0.45 | −0.45 | − 0.39 | 0.090 | − 0.096 | 0.49 |
| MT (s) | −0.50 | −0.56 | 0.12 | −0.047 | − 0.34 | −0.34 | − 0.18 | 0.0020 |
| PLR | −0.34 | −0.50 | − 0.47 | −0.26 | − 0.37 | −0.24 | 0.15 | 0.27 |
| MS (cm/s) | 0.039 | 0.059 | −0.34 | −0.31 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.44 | 0.30 |
| CMSA Arm | ||||||||
| PS (cm/s) | 0.14 | −0.29 | −0.18 | −0.022 | ||||
| RT (s) | −0.19 | −0.16 | − 0.022 | −0.070 | − 0.38 | −0.27 | 0.19 | 0.17 |
| IDE (°) | −0.48 | −0.52* | 0.16 | −0.28 | − 0.39 | −0.19 | − 0.37 | 0.0090 |
| IDR | 0.56* | 0.69* | −0.062 | 0.25 | 0.54 | 0.22 | 0.051 | −0.32 |
| ISR | 0.50 | 0.35 | −0.41 | −0.072 | 0.47 | 0.34 | −0.24 | −0.18 |
| SMC | −0.64* | −0.48 | 0.13 | −0.081 | − 0.29 | 0.11 | 0.18 | −0.0010 |
| MMSD (cm/s) | −0.49 | −0.55* | − 0.15 | −0.0040 | − 0.34 | 0.11 | − 0.17 | 0.017 |
| MT (s) | −0.61* | −0.56* | 0.19 | 0.35 | −0.33 | −0.13 | 0.26 | −0.071 |
| PLR | −0.45 | −0.51* | 0.20 | −0.061 | − 0.36 | −0.16 | − 0.037 | −0.031 |
| MS (cm/s) | −0.061 | 0.25 | 0.010 | −0.19 | 0.16 | 0.29 | −0.025 | 0.067 |
| CMSA Hand, mean (SD) | ||||||||
| PS (cm/s) | −0.11 | 0.10 | 0.31 | −0.15 | ||||
| RT (s) | −0.26 | −0.37 | 0.086 | 0.10 | −0.26 | −0.47 | − 0.039 | −0.027 |
| IDE (°) | −0.43 | −0.37 | 0.013 | −0.050 | − 0.047 | 0.21 | − 0.083 | −0.074 |
| IDR | 0.36 | 0.36 | 0.22 | 0.14 | 0.37 | −0.010 | −0.18 | − 0.31 |
| ISR | 0.21 | 0.16 | 0.045 | −0.014 | 0.23 | −0.21 | −0.12 | − 0.43 |
| SMC | −0.59* | − 0.32 | −0.26 | − 0.20 | −0.15 | − 0.14 | 0.36 | 0.13 |
| MMSD (cm/s) | −0.56* | −0.55* | − 0.33 | −0.15 | − 0.0050 | 0.056 | − 0.034 | −0.22 |
| MT (s) | −0.65* | −0.49 | − 0.37 | −0.070 | − 0.33 | −0.48 | 0.33 | 0.10 |
| PLR | −0.53* | −0.57* | − 0.034 | −0.096 | − 0.11 | −0.25 | − 0.38 | −0.25 |
| MS (cm/s) | −0.13 | 0.12 | 0.10 | 0.0010 | 0.18 | 0.15 | −0.41 | −0.47 |
| PPB | ||||||||
| PS (cm/s) | −0.0020 | −0.20 | 0.23 | −0.30 | ||||
| RT (s) | −0.24 | −0.27 | − 0.51* | −0.56* | − 0.27 | −0.21 | − 0.53 | −0.52 |
| IDE (°) | −0.37 | −0.35 | 0.061 | −0.45 | − 0.080 | −0.21 | − 0.45 | −0.15 |
| IDR | 0.55* | 0.57* | 0.13 | 0.35 | 0.52 | 0.19 | 0.49 | −0.22 |
| ISR | 0.30 | 0.23 | −0.075 | 0.078 | 0.40 | 0.12 | 0.066 | −0.026 |
| SMC | −0.56* | −0.41 | − 0.026 | −0.10 | − 0.30 | 0.016 | − 0.19 | 0.27 |
| MMSD (cm/s) | −0.53* | −0.55* | 0.021 | −0.45 | − 0.32 | 0.055 | − 0.31 | 0.28 |
| MT (s) | −0.61* | −0.54* | − 0.022 | −0.13 | − 0.56* | −0.50 | − 0.11 | −0.13 |
| PLR | −0.40 | −0.44 | − 0.031 | −0.26 | − 0.32 | −0.29 | − 0.20 | 0.029 |
| MS (cm/s) | 0.069 | 0.16 | 0.19 | −0.040 | 0.29 | 0.36 | 0.27 | 0.33 |
Partial Spearman’s correlations controlling for the effects of age were conducted between robotic measures and clinical motor assessments. R values of each correlation are shown. An asterisks (*) denotes significant correlations following Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons (6 comparisons, α = 0.05, p < 0.008). Abbreviations: arterial ischemic stroke (AIS), periventricular venous infarction (PVI), Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA), Melbourne Assessment of Unilateral Upper Limb Function (MA), Chedoke-McMaster Stroke Assessment (CMSA), Purdue Pegboard (PPB), posture speed (PS), reaction time (RT), initial direction error (IDE), initial distance ratio (IDR), initial speed ratio (ISR), speed maxima count (SMC), minimum-maximum speed difference (MMSD), movement time (MT), path length ratio (PLR), maximum speed (MS)