Table 3.
Mode of action and therapeutic application of endogenous/biological and exogenous/biological NSPs inhibitors.
| Inhibitor | Origin | Action | Therapeutic use | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AAT | endogenous/biological | - anti-oxidant and anti- protease | ARDS | 21 |
| Elafin | endogenous/biological | - lung tissue destruction protection | ARDS | 68, 69 |
| - biomarker for monitoring early development of ARDS | ||||
| SLPI | endogenous/biological | - inhibition of neutrophil phagocytosis - protection of tissue damage by proteolytic enzymes - inhibition of NFkB |
COPD, ARDS | [53, 66, 68, 70, 104] |
| - regulation of granulopoiesis | ||||
| - inhibitor of apoptosis of circulating neutrophils | ||||
| - inhibition of neutrophil phagocytosis | ||||
| SerpinB1 | endogenous/biological | - inhibition of apoptosis of circulating neutrophils | CF | 53, 72, 73 |
| - inhibition of CG - promotion of PMN survival |
inflammatory and autoimmune diseases | |||
| - control of neutrophil expontaneous death in PR3 deficient mice | ||||
| Lactoferrin | exogenous/biological | - inhibition of NET formation and prevention of NET spread | inflammatory and autoimmune diseases | 97 |
| Transhinone IIA | exogenous/biological | - block of pro-inflammatory signals in vivo | 103 | |
| - inhibition of survival signals in human neutrophils - modulation of neutrophil reverse migration |
||||
| MDSPI16 (Musca domestica) | exogenous/biological | - inhibition of elastase, chymotrypsin, and microbial serine proteases | 93 | |
| AvCI (Araneus ventricosus) | exogenous/biological | - inhibition of human NE and porcine pancreatic elastase - block potassium channel activity |
94 | |
| Triterpenoids (Ganoderma mastoporum) | exogenous/ biological | - inhibition of superoxide anion generation and elastase release | inflammatory diseases | 96 |
AAT: alfa1-anti-tripsin; ARDS: acute respiratory distress syndrome CF: cystic fibrosis; CG: cathepsin G; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NE: neutrophil elastase; NET: neutrophil extracellular trap: Nf-kB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain enhancer of activated B cells; NET: neutrophil extracellular trap; PMN: polymorphonuclear; PR3: proteinase 3; SLPI: secretory leucocyte protease inhibitor.