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. 2018 Jun 29;10(8):1970–1987. doi: 10.1093/gbe/evy134

Table 1.

Culture Independent Metagenomic Approaches Are Increasingly Used in More Recent Studies to Detect DSM

Bacteria or Archaea Fungi Dust Source Collection Site Methods of Identification Potential Impact References
Actinobacteria; Bacteroidetes; Proteobacteria; Acidobacteria; Chloroflexi Asian dust Northern China

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • 16S rRNA gene sequencing

  • Bacterial abundance: DAPI staining

  • Human;

  • Agriculture

 (Tang et al. 2018)
Deinococcus-Thermus; Chloroflexi; Cyanobacteria; Gemmatimonadetes; Acidobacteria;

  • Sahara dust

  • Syrian

  • Saudi Arabia

 Israel

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

  • Bacterial abundance: qPCR

 Human (Gat et al. 2017)
Geodermatophilus; Bacillus; Deinococcus; Gemmatimonas; Arthrobacter; Nocardiodes; Rubrobacter; Solirubrobacter Aurebasidium; Periconia; Pleosporaceae; Montagnulaceae; Embellisia; Davidiella Sahara dust Dolomite Alps, Italy

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

  • -ITS1 region sequencing for fungi

  • Human;

  • Agriculture

 (Weil et al. 2017)
Dominated by Bacillus members Asian dust

  • Noto Peninsula,

  • Japan

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

 N/D (Maki et al. 2017a)

  • Fusarium; Cladosporium;

  • Ulocladium; Aspergillus; Alternaria

 Arabian dust Saudi Arabia Fungal culture Human (Vijayakumar et al. 2017)
Bacillus subtilis Asian dust Carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs)-based electrochemical biosensor Human (Yoo et al. 2017)

  • -Bacterial Quantity

  • -Bacterial communities

 Asian dust Beijing, China

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

  • Bacterial abundance: qPCR

 N/D (Zhen et al. 2017)
Bacillus; Bacillus circulans; Modestobacter; Methylobacterium iners; Sphingomonas starnbergensis; Micrococcus terreus; Rubellimicrobium roseum; Rubellimicrobium aerolatum Asian dust Seoul, Korea

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

 Human (Cha et al. 2017)

  • α-proteobacteria;

  • Firmicutes (Bacilli); Bacteroidetes

 Asian dust Mongolia

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

 N/D (Maki et al. 2017b)
Gemmatimonadetes; Adhaeribacter; Arthrobacter; Bacillus; Balneimonas; Cellulomonas; Geodermatophilus; Pontibacter; Rubellimicrobium; Rubrobacter; Sporosarcina Sahara dust Eastern Mediterranean

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

 Human (Mazar et al. 2016)

  • Bacteroidetes; Actinobacteria; Proteobacteria; Firmicutes;

  • Bacillus spp.; Rubellimicrobium spp.; Rubellimicrobium mesophilum; R. roseum

 Asian dust Beijing, China

  • Culture indepepndent:

  • -DGGE profile of 16S rRNA gene

  • -16S rRNA gene clone library sequencing

  • Bacterial abundance: qPCR

  • Human;

  • Agriculture

 (Yamaguchi et al. 2016)

  • Bacillus circulans;

  • Methylobacterium iners;

  • Sphingomonas starnbergensis;

  • Micrococcus terreus;

  • Rubellimicrobium roseum; Rubellimicrobium aerolatum

 Asian dust S. Korea

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

  • Bacterial abundance: qPCR

 Human (Cha et al. 2016)

  • Actinobacteria; Cyanobacteria Acidobacteria; Bacilli;

  • γ-proteobacteria; β-proteobacteria; Clostridia; α-proteobacteria; Deinococci;

 Asian dust Osaka, Japan

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

  • Bacterial abundance: qPCR

 N/D (Park et al. 2016)
Alternaria; Ulocladium; Aspergillus; Penicillium; Fusarium; Acremonium; Phoma North Westerly dust Kuwait

  • Fungal culture:

  • -Morphology and culture traits

  • -18s rRNA sequencing

 Agriculture (Al-Bader et al. 2016)
Bacillus spp. Mycosporium spp Arabian dust Iran Culture dependent Human (Nourmoradi et al. 2015)

  • Bacillus; Streptococcus; Lactococcus; Anoxybacillus; Corynebacterium; Brevundimonas;

  • Paracoccus; Sphingomonas;

  • Methylobacterium; Caulobacter

 Aspergillus spp. African dust Sardinia, Italy

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

  • Culture dependent:

  • -MALDI-TOF

 Human (Rosselli et al. 2015)

  • UV-tolerant culturable bacteria:

  • Bacillales; Actinomycetales; Gram positive bacteria with high GC content

 Asian dust Over East China Sea

  • Culture dependent:

  • -16S rRNA sequencing

 N/D (Hara et al. 2015)

  • Massilia; Planococcus;

  • Carnobacterium; Planomicrobium;

  • Pontibacter; Pedobacter; Lysobacter;

  • Sanguibacter; Ohtaekwangia

 Asian dust

  • China;

  • S. Korea

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

 Human (An et al. 2014)

  • Gemmatimonadetes;

  • Deinococcus-Thermus; Flavobacteriaceae; Chloroflexi; Cytophagaceae; Oxalobacteriaceae; Comamonadaceae; Myxococcales; Janthinobacterium; Neisseriaceae; Neisseria; Streptococcus

 Sahara dust Swiss Alps

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

  • Bacterial abundance: qPCR

 Human (Meola et al. 2015)

  • Cyanobacteria (Synechococcus spp.);

  • Firmicutes (B. subtilis, B. pumilus);

  • α-proteobacteria (SAR clade and Sphingomonas spp.)

 Asian dust (Kosa) Japan

  • Culture independent metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene clone library sequencing

  • Human;

  • Animal;

  • Agriculture

 (Maki et al. 2014)
Aspergillus sydowii Australian dust Australian coastal waters Culture dependent: Molecular sequencing Marine (Hallegraeff et al. 2014)

  • α-proteobacteria; Actinobacteria;

  • β-proteobacteria

  • Dothideomycetes;

  • Tremellomycetes;

  • Mitosporic Ascomycota

  • Europe;

  • North Africa

 Israel

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA; 18S rRNA sequencing

  • Human;

  • Agriculture

 (Katra et al. 2014)

  • γ-aproteobacteria;

  • Bacilli;

 Sahara dust

  • Lake Gossenköllesee

  • Austrian Alps

  • Culture independent metagenomic:

  • -16S rRNA gene clone library sequence

  • In situ growth experiment

  • Bacterial abundance: DAPI

 Aqueous ecosystems (Peter et al. 2014)

  • Actinobacteria; Bacteroidetes;

  • Archaea: Thaumarchaeota

 Sahara dust Pyrenees, Spain

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

  • Microbial abundance: DAPI, FISH

 Aqueous ecosystems (Vila-Costa et al. 2013)
Proteobacteria; Firmicutes (Bacillus, Sporosarcina) Sahara dust South of Spain

  • Culture independent metagenomic:

  • -16S rRNA gene clone library sequencing

  • Culture dependent characterization

 N/D (Sánchez de la Campa et al. 2013)
Proteobacteria (Comamonadaceae; Pseudomonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae); Actinobacteria (Corynebacteriaceae, Streptomycetaceae); Firmicutes (Bacillaceae, Lachnospiraceae, Staphylococcaceae, Streptococcaceae) Transpacific air plumes from Asia Central Oregon, USA

  • Culture independent:

  • -16S rRNA gene microarray

 N/D (Smith et al. 2013)
Firmicutes-Bacillaceae; Actinobacteria-Geodermatophilaceae, Nocardiodaceae, Solirubrobacteraceae; Proteobacteria-Oxalobacteraceae, Rhizobiales, Sphingomonadaceae; Bacteroidetes-Cytophagaceae Ascomycota; Basidiomycota; Chytridiomycota; Microsporidia; Glomeromycota African dust

  • Chad, Africa;

  • Cape Verde Islands

  • High throughput Metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene sequencing

  • Microscopic structure: SEM

  • Culture dependent characterization

  • Human;

  • Animal;

  • Agriculture

 (Favet et al. 2013)
Actinobacteria; Firmicutes (B. Subtillus); Proteobacteria; Asian dust (Kosa) Mt. Tateyama, Japan

  • Culture dependent and independent:

  • DGGE- 16S rRNA gene sequencing

  • Physiological culture

  • Ecosystem;

  • Human

 (Maki et al. 2011)

  • Actinobacteria (Crossiella cryophilus);

  • α-Proteobacteria (Devosia limi); Deinococcus Thermus (D. claudionis);

  • Cyanobacteria (Anabaena sp.);

  • Bacteroidetes (Hymenobacter soli)

 Sahara dust

  • Mont Blanc glacier

  • (French Alps)

  • Culture independent metagenomics:

  • -16S rRNA gene clone library sequencing

 Ecosystem (Chuvochina et al. 2011a)

  • Firmicutes (Bacillus species);

  • Actinobacteria; α-Proteobacteria;

  • Planctomycetes;

  • Deinococcus Thermus

 Asian dust Seoul, Korea

  • Culture dependent and independent:

  • -DGGE profile of 16S rRNA gene

  • -16S rRNA gene clone library sequencing

 N/D (Jeon et al. 2011)
Bacillus species; Pseudomonas species Australian dust Canberra and Melbourne (Australia)

  • Culture dependent:

  • -DGGE- 16S rRNA sequencing

  • Human;

  • Plant

 (Lim et al. 2011)