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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 18.
Published in final edited form as: ACS Chem Biol. 2018 Jun 12;13(8):2161–2169. doi: 10.1021/acschembio.8b00336

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Single-cell, time-lapse assay imaging periplasmic GFP to detect membrane permeabilization events induced in live E. coli by antimicrobial agents. (A) Cecropin A at 0.9 μM (1X MIC) first induces outer membrane permeabilization to GFP, beginning at the septal region. Initial periplasmic halo image gradually disappears. (B) Gellman random β-peptide copolymer MM63:CHx37 at 30 μg/mL (1.2X MIC) first induces cytoplasmic membrane permeabilization to GFP. Initial periplasmic halo image evolves to a cytoplasmic filled image of which persists for at least 55 min.