. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Aug 1.

Published in final edited form as: Alzheimers Dement. 2018 Mar 30;14(8):1015–1021. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2018.02.019

Table 4.

20-year change in domain-specific cognitive factor scores comparing participants with vs. without olfactory impairment (n=4,948)

EXPOSURE GROUP / CONTRAST	Standard deviation	95% Confidence Interval
*GENERAL COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE*
Olfactory impairment	-0.99	-1.03, -0.94
No Olfactory impairment	-0.79	-0.80, -0.77
Difference	-0.20	-0.25, -0.15

*MEMORY*
Olfactory impairment	-2.23	-2.31, -2.15
No Olfactory impairment	-1.83	-1.86, -1.80
Difference	-0.40	-0.48, -0.32

*LANGUAGE*
Olfactory impairment	-0.36	-0.41, -0.30
No Olfactory impairment	-0.08	-0.10, -0.06
Difference	-0.28	-0.34, -0.22

*EXECUTIVE FUNCTION/PROCESSING SPEED*
Olfactory impairment	-0.48	-0.51, -0.46
No Olfactory impairment	-0.46	-0.47, -0.45
Difference	-0.03	-0.05, 0.003

Bolded estimates indicate P <0.05 for difference;

Adjusted for age, sex, education, race-field center, APOE ε4, ever smoker status