Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants by Category of Frailty Phenotype
| Overall | Robust | Intermediate Stage | Frail | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristica | N=2150 | N=554 | N=1188 | N=408 | P |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 80.2 (4.4) | 78.8 (3.6) | 80.1 (4.1) | 82.6 (5.1) | <0.001 |
| Ever smoker, n (%) | 857 (39.9) | 205 (37.0) | 479 (40.3) | 173 (42.4) | 0.21 |
| Education, years, mean (SD) | 12.8 (2.8) | 12.9 (2.9) | 12.9 (2.7) | 12.4 (2.8) | 0.011 |
| Multimorbidityb, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| None (0-1 conditions) | 862 (40.1) | 295 (53.2) | 480 (40.4) | 87 (21.3) | |
| Mild (2-3 conditions) | 776 (36.1) | 190 (34.1) | 443 (37.3) | 143 (35.0) | |
| At least moderate (≥4 conditions) | 512 (23.8) | 69 (12.5) | 265 (22.3) | 178 (43.6) | |
| GDS score (0-15), mean (SD) | 2.4 (2.8) | 0.6 (1.4) | 2.6 (2.7) | 4.4 (3.1) | <0.001 |
| MMSE score (0-26), mean (SD) | 23.8 (2.4) | 24.1 (2.0) | 23.9 (2.3) | 23.0 (3.2) | <0.001 |
| IADL impairments (0-5), mean (SD) | 1.1 (1.5) | 0.2 (0.6) | 0.9 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.7) | <0.001 |
| Body mass index, mean (SD) | 26.6 (4.9) | 26.1 (4.2) | 26.8 (5.1) | 26.5 (5.3) | 0.02 |
| Total annual health care costs, USD | |||||
| Median (IQR) | $1,892 (677-6,533) | $1,343 (494-3,217) | $1,953 (741-6,459) | $3,640 (1001-13,189) | |
| Mean (SD) | $6,680 (12,466) | $3,781 (6,920) | $6,632 (12,452) | $10,755 (16,589) | <0.001 |
| Incident hospitalization, n (%) | 534 (24.8) | 89 (16.1) | 287 (24.2) | 158 (38.7) | <0.001 |
| Incident SNF stay, n (%) | 133 (6.2) | 11 (2.0) | 72 (6.1) | 50 (12.3) | <0.001 |
| Annual outpatient costs, USD | <0.001 | ||||
| Median (IQR) | $1,465 (634-2,935) | $1,121 (481-2,185) | $1,520 (672-3,063) | $1,826 (778-3,407) | |
| Mean (SD) | $2,337 (3,408) | $1,656 (1,714) | $2,449 (3,414) | $2,937 (4,724) | |
| Died during follow-up, n (%) | 44 (2.0) | 4 (0.7) | 15 (1.3) | 25 (6.1) | <0.001 |
Note: GDS, Geriatric Depression Scale; MMSE, Mini Mental State Examination; IADL, instrumental activities of daily living; USD, U.S. 2014 dollars; SNF, skilled nursing facility; IQR, interquartile range
a
Participant characteristics assessed at SOF Year 10 examination; total costs, hospitalizations, SNF stays, and outpatient care costs ascertained during 12 month period after SOF year 10 examination
b
Multimorbidity quantified using diagnoses in inpatient and outpatient claims data