. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018 Apr 23;66(7):1276–1283. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15381

Table 2.

Association of Frailty Phenotype with Mean Total and Outpatient Health Care Costs

	Total health care costs		Outpatient costs
Frailty phenotype	Cost ratio (95% CI)	P	Cost ratio (95% CI)	P
Base model^a
Robust	1.00 (referent)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)	<0.001
Intermediate stage	1.66 (1.45-1.91)		1.50 (1.35-1.65)
Frail	2.61 (2.19-3.12)		1.96 (1.72-2.23)
Multivariable model^b
Robust	1.00 (referent)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)	<0.001
Intermediate stage	1.50 (1.31-1.72)		1.41 (1.28-1.56)
Frail	1.91 (1.59-2.31)		1.55 (1.36-1.78)
Multivariable model + functional limitations^c
Robust	1.00 (referent)	<0.001	1.00 (referent)	<0.001
Intermediate stage	1.35 (1.18-1.55)		1.35 (1.22-1.49)
Frail	1.32 (1.07-1.63)		1.32 (1.13-1.53)

adjusted for age and site

adjusted for age, site, multimorbidity burden, and cognitive function

functional limitations defined by number of IADL impairments