. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2019 Jul 1.

Published in final edited form as: J Am Geriatr Soc. 2018 Apr 23;66(7):1276–1283. doi: 10.1111/jgs.15381

Table 4.

Association of Individual Frailty Components with Mean Total Health Care Costs

	Cost ratio (95% CI)
Frailty component	Base model^a	Multivariable model^b	Multivariable model + functional limitations^c
Shrinking
Present (n=458)	1.38 (1.20-1.59)	1.17 (1.01-1.35)	1.12 (0.97-1.29)
Absent	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Weakness
Present (n=484)	1.28 (1.11-1.47)	1.12 (0.98-1.30)	1.04 (0.90-1.19)
Absent	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Poor energy
Present (n=1163)	1.56 (1.39-1.74)	1.39 (1.24-1.56)	1.19 (1.06-1.34)
Absent	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Slowness
Present (n=476)	1.72 (1.49-1.98)	1.37 (1.18-1.59)	1.00 (0.85-1.18)
Absent	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)
Low physical activity
Present (n=504)	1.73 (1.51-1.99)	1.44 (1.25-1.66)	1.16 (1.00-1.35)
Absent	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)	1.00 (referent)

adjusted for age and site

adjusted for age, site, multimorbidity burden, and cognitive function

functional limitations defined by number of IADL impairments