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. 2018 Aug 17;8:12395. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30318-8

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Study 4 (online testing) results. Test reliability (mean SE and test-retest reliability) is surprisingly low. Nomothetic span (correlations with related measures) is unexpectedly sensitive to testing session. (a) Mean standard error (SE) of ability estimates as a function of test length. The shaded ribbon marks 95% confidence intervals. (b) Test-retest reliability (Pearson correlation) as a function of test length. The shaded ribbons mark 95% confidence regions. (c) Correlations between CA-BAT scores and other measures as a function of test length and split according to whether the measures were administered in the same or different waves. Significance values are two-tailed and not adjusted for multiple comparisons.