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. 2018 Aug 17;8:12324. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30619-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Optical convolutional layer design. (a) Diagram of a 4f system that could be adapted to implement optical convolutional (opt-conv) layers by placing a phase mask in the Fourier plane. (b) The standard components of a digital convolutional layer, including an input image, a stack of convolutional kernels, and a corresponding output volume. (c) The equivalent components in an opt-conv layer, where the kernels and outputs are tiled in a 2D array instead of stacked in the depth dimension.