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. 2018 Aug 17;8:12324. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30619-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Learned optical correlator. (a) Schematic of an optical correlator, where the conv block consists of the 4f system shown in Fig. 1. (b) Characteristic optimized kernels of a multichannel unconstrained digital convolutional layer, a multichannel nonnegative digital convolutional layer, a single channel opt-conv layer with tiled kernels, and the PSF produced by phase mask optimization with the previous optimized tiled kernels as the target.