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. 2018 Aug 17;8:12324. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30619-y

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Hybrid optoelectronic CNN. (a) Schematic of a model with a single opt-conv layer, after which the sensor image is processed and fed into subsequent digital CNN layers. (b) The optimized phase mask template and microscope images of the fabricated phase mask, at different zoom levels. (c) Comparison of simulated and captured versions of the PSF produced by the phase mask, a sample input image, the respective sensor image, and pseudonegative sub-images after subtraction of corresponding positive (top two rows) and negative (bottom two rows) sub-images.