Table 3.
Quantification of identified phenolic compounds (µg g−1 FW) in selected Amaranthus tricolor leaves under four salinity stress.
| Phenolic group | Compound | Control (No NaCl) | LSS (25 mM NaCl) | MSS (50 mM NaCl) | SSS (100 mM NaCl) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hydroxybenzoic acid | |||||
| Gallic acid | 3,4–5 Trihydroxybenzoic acid | 6.64 ± 0.05c | 6.67 ± 0.06c | 8.46 ± 0.06b | 9.39 ± 0.08a |
| Vanilic acid | 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid | 9.40 ± 0.12c | 9.37 ± 0.09c | 12.65 ± 0.08b | 14.89 ± 0.22a |
| Syringic acid | 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxybenzoic acid | 1.46 ± 0.01b | 1.26 ± 0.02d | 1.43 ± 0.01c | 1.52 ± 0.02a |
| p-hydroxybenzoic acid | 4-hydroxybenzoic acid | 2.75 ± 0.02c | 2.76 ± 0.03c | 3.87 ± 0.02b | 4.24 ± 0.01a |
| Salicylic acid | 2-Hydroxybenzoic acid | 16.53 ± 0.42d | 17.85 ± 0.24c | 24.87 ± 0.35b | 28.61 ± 0.61a |
| Ellagic acid | (2,3,7,8-tetrahydroxy-chromeno [5,4,3-cde]chromene-5,10-dione | 1.16 ± 0.03c | 1.23 ± 0.05b | 2.36 ± 0.06a | 2.38 ± 0.03a |
| Total benzoic acids | 37.95 | 39.14 | 53.63 | 61.03 | |
| Hydroxycinnamic acid | |||||
| Caffeic acid | 3,4-Dihydroxy-trans-cinnamate | 1.46 ± 0.03c | 1.45 ± 0.02c | 1.83 ± 0.04b | 2.58 ± 0.06a |
| Chlorogenic acid | 3-(3,4-Dihydroxycinnamoyl) quinic acid | 7.38 ± 0.32d | 7.98 ± 0.52c | 9.82 ± 0.28b | 12.65 ± 0.48a |
| p-coumaric acid | 4-hydroxycinnamic acid | 1.16 ± 0.01d | 1.25 ± 0.01c | 2.53 ± 0.02b | 2.62 ± 0.03a |
| Ferulic acid | 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid | 1.20 ± 0.02c | 1.16 ± 0.02c | 2.05 ± 0.04b | 3.19 ± 0.05a |
| m-coumaric acid | 3-hydroxycinnamic acid | 2.87 ± 0.05c | 2.87 ± 0.06c | 5.25 ± 0.04b | 7.36 ± 0.03a |
| Sinapic acid | 4-Hydroxy-3,5-dimethoxycinnamic acid | 0.35 ± 0.01b | 0.36 ± 0.01b | 0.43 ± 0.01a | 0.45 ± 0.01a |
| Trans-cinnamic acid | 3-Phenylacrylic acid | 6.85 ± 0.02b | 6.86 ± 0.01b | 6.89 ± 0.02a | 6.92 ± 0.03a |
| Total cinnamic acids | 21.28 | 21.93 | 28.80 | 35.77 | |
| Flavonoids | |||||
| Iso-quercetin | Quercetin-3-glucoside | 4.66 ± 0.21c | 4.80 ± 0.24c | 7.23 ± 0.16b | 9.24 ± 0.18a |
| Hyperoside | Quercetin-3-galactoside | 1.35 ± 0.02b | 1.33 ± 0.01b | 2.43 ± 0.01a | 2.44 ± 0.02a |
| Rutin | Quercetin-3-rutinoside | 6.62 ± 0.11d | 6.74 ± 0.09c | 8.87 ± 0.08b | 9.92 ± 0.14a |
| Total flavonoids | 12.63 | 12.87 | 18.53 | 21.60 | |
| Total phenolic acids | 59.23 | 61.07 | 81.43 | 96.80 | |
| Total phenolic index | 71.86 | 73.94 | 100.96 | 118.40 | |
Different letters in a row are differed significantly by Duncan Multiple Range Test (P < 0.01); (n = 6).