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. 2018 Aug 17;8:12354. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30799-7

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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HEMF secreted factors increase epithelial cell thickness in 3D organotypic ALI culture. (a) H&E immunostaining of squamous epithelium harvested from 3D organotypic ALI culture shows the squamous epithelium in the presence of serum-free myofibroblast media (SFMM), conditioned serum-free myofibroblast media (cSFMM), or cSFMM plus the addition of GREM1 nAb. (b) Quantification demonstrates an increase in epithelial thickness 3D organotypic ALI culture with conditioned HEMF media. The increase in thickness is partially reversed with addition of GREM1 nAb. *P ≤ 0.02; **P ≤ 0.0001 with ANOVA for multiple comparisons.