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. 2018 Aug 17;8:12307. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-29968-5

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© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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In vitro evaluations of bioprinted muscle constructs compared with non-printed constructs. (A) Representative Live/Dead staining images and (B) cell viability (%) at 1 and 5 days in culture (n = 4, 4 random fields/sample, *P < 0.05, **not measurable because of too confluence - % viability was over 90%). (C) Immunofluorescent staining for MHC after 7 day-differentiation and (D) quantification of area of MHC + myofibers (n = 3, 4–7 random images/sample, *P < 0.05). Human MPCs in the construct showed enhanced myofiber formation with unidirectional cell alignment. (E) Double-immunostaining for α-SA (red)/laminin (green) indicates the presence of cross-striated myofibers surrounded by laminin matrix in the printed construct. Quantification of (F) α-SA⁺ area (%) and (G) laminin⁺ area (%) (n = 3, *P < 0.05).