Table 1.
Gut bacterial species reported to produce tryptophan catabolites
| Metabolite | Producers | References | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Indole |
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Bacteroides ovatus Clostridium limosum Clostridium bifermentans Clostridium malenomenatum Clostridium lentoputrescens Clostridium tetani Clostridium tetanomorphum |
Clostridium ghoni
Clostridium sordellii Desulfovibrio vulgaris Enterococcus faecalis Escherichia coli Fusobacterium nucleatum Haemophilus influenza Peptostreptococcus asscharolyticus … for more see16 |
12,16–18 |
| 3-methylindole (Skatole) |
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens Clostridium bartlettii Clostridium scatologenes Clostridium drakei |
Eubacterium cylindroides
Eubacterium rectale Lactobacillus spp. Megamonas hypermegale Parabacteroides distasonis |
25,27,118 |
| Indoleacetic acid (IAA) |
Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron
Bacteroides eggerthii Bacteroides ovatus Bacteroides fragilis Bifidobacterium adolescentis Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum Bifidobacterium pseudolongum Clostridium bartlettii Clostridium difficile Clostridium lituseburense Clostridium paraputrificum |
Clostridium perfringens
Clostridium putrefaciens Clostridium saccharolyticum Clostridium sticklandii Clostridium subterminale Escherichia coli Eubacterium hallii Eubacterium cylindroides Parabacteroides distasonis Peptostreptococcus asscharolyticus |
12,17,25 |
| Indoleacrylic acid (IA) |
Clostridium sporogenes
Peptostreptococcus russellii Peptostreptococcus anaerobius Peptostreptococcus stomatis |
21,22 | |
| Indolealdehyde (IAld) |
Lactobacillus acidophilus
Lactobacillus murinus Lactobacillus reuteri |
14,23,24 | |
| Indoleethanol (IE) | - | - | |
| Indolelactic acid (ILA) |
Anaerostipes hadrus
Anaerostipes caccae Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron Bacteroides eggerthii Bacteroides ovatus Bacteroides fragilis Bifidobacterium adolescentis Bifidobacterium bifidum Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis Bifidobacterium longum subsp. longum Bifidobacterium pseudolongum Clostridium bartlettii Clostridium perfringens |
Clostridium sporogenes
Clostridium saccharolyticum Escherichia coli Eubacterium rectale Eubacterium cylindroides Faecalibacterium prausnitzii Lactobacillus murinus Lactobacillus paracasei Lactobacillus reuteri Megamonas hypermegale Parabacteroides distasonis Peptostreptococcus asscharolyticus |
12,21,23–26,42 |
| Indolepropionic acid (IPA) |
Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium caloritolerans Clostridium paraputrificum Clostridium sporogenes Clostridium cadvareris |
Peptostreptococcus asscharolyticus
Peptostreptococcus russellii Peptostreptococcus anaerobius Peptostreptococcus stomatis |
17,19–22 |
| Tryptamine |
Clostridium sporogenes
Ruminococcus gnavus |
20 |