Figure - PMC

Skip to main content

An official website of the United States government

Here's how you know

Here's how you know

Official websites use .gov
A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.

Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock ( ) or https:// means you've safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.

View full-text article in PMC

. 2018 Aug 17;8:12337. doi: 10.1038/s41598-018-30886-9

Search in PMC
Search in PubMed
View in NLM Catalog
Add to search

© The Author(s) 2018

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

PMC Copyright notice

Novex-3 plays a role in providing the elasticity/compliance to the fCM nuclei. (a) Mechanical indentation measurements by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Intrusion of the AFM cantilever onto the surface of the fCM generated a force-indentation curve, which is the relationship between the cantilever deflection and its indentation depth. The elastic modulus (E) was calculated based on the Hertz model (see Methods). Measurements were performed on the central region of the nuclei, as monitored by phase contract optics as previously described^26–28. (b) The elastic modulus of novex-3-silenced E16 fCMs evaluated on the central region of the nuclei. fCMs were cultured under 3% O₂ condition. n = 6–8 fCMs. **P < 0.01 compared to si-control. Error bars = SEM. (c) The elastic modulus of E17 fCMs cultured under different O₂ conditions evaluated on the central region of the nuclei. n = 6–7 fCMs. *P < 0.05 compared to 3% O₂ condition. Error bars = SEM. (d) Microneedle-based tensile tests. One microneedle, designated as an operation microneedle, was rigid and was moved with a three-axis motorised micromanipulator to stretch the nucleus. The other microneedle, designated as a deflection microneedle, was flexible, to obtain the force applied to the nucleus by measuring its deflection. A single isolated fCM nucleus was captured by putting the microneedle tips into the nucleus. The nucleus was then lifted off the chamber bottom and stretched horizontally at a rate of 1 μm/s by moving the operation microneedle along the surface of the chamber bottom. The stiffness was calculated from the slope of the force-deformation curve. L, the distance between the tips of the two microneedles along the axis of stretch (L₀, the initial distance before stretch). X, the deflection of the deflection microneedle. Scale bar = 5 µm. (e) Stiffness of novex-3-silenced fCM nuclei isolated from E17–E18 fCMs cultured under 3% O₂ condition. n = 6–13 nuclei. *P < 0.05 compared to si-control. Error bars = SEM. (f) Stiffness of fCM nuclei isolated from E17–E18 fCMs cultured under different O₂ conditions. n = 6–9 nuclei. *P < 0.05 compared to 3% O₂ condition. Error bars = SEM. (g) Stiffness of novex-3–1-overexpressing fCM nuclei isolated from E17 fCMs cultured under 3% O₂ condition. n = 7–9 nuclei. *P < 0.05 compared to control GFP-overexpressing fCM nuclei. Error bars = SEM.