Table 4.

Variance components for main effects (additive and dominance) and two order epistatic interactions that contributed to genetic variance under different genetic architectures.

Additive	${\delta }_a^2=2pq{\left[a+d\left(q-p\right)\right]}^2=2pq{\alpha }^2$
Dominance	${\delta }_d^2={\left[2pqd\right]}^2$
Additive × Additive	${\delta }_{aa}^2=4\sum p_i{q}_k{\left(\alpha {\alpha }_{ik}\right)}^2$
Additive × Dominance	${\delta }_{ad}^2=2\sum p_i{q}_k{q}_l{\left(\alpha {\delta }_{ikl}\right)}^2$
Dominanc × Additive	${\delta }_{da}^2=2\sum p_i{p}_j{q}_k{\left(\delta {\alpha }_{ikl}\right)}^2$
Dominanc × Dominanc	${\delta }_{dd}^2=\sum p_i{p}_j{q}_k{q}_l{\left(\delta {\delta }_{ijkl}\right)}^2$

a: additive substitution effect; d: dominance deviation; α: average allelic effect; αα, αδ, δα and δδ are additive × additive, additive × dominance, dominance × additive and dominance × dominance epistatic deviations, respectively; p and q are major and minor allele frequencies⁶⁴.