Marked upregulation and persistence of anti-GFAP immunoreactivity in ipsilateral blast-exposed retina (C,D), relative to non-blast-exposed control (A,B). Frozen tissue sections were immunostained with anti-GFAP, followed by treatment with AlexFluor® 647-conjugated secondary antibody (magenta), and counterstained with DAPI (blue) to label nuclei. Laser confocal fluorescence microscopy images were taken, with (A,C) and without (B,D) the DAPI channel. A representative area of peri-central retina for each condition is shown. Scale bar (panel D), 25 μm. ILM, inner limiting membrane; INL, inner nuclear layer; IPL, inner plexiform layer; GCL, ganglion cell layer; GFAP, glial fibrillary acidic protein; ONL, outer nuclear layer; OPL, outer plexiform layer; RPE, retinal pigment epithelium.