Table 1.
Patient characteristics
| Characteristics | All patients | Berlin-CXR | Berlin-LUS | Berlin-CXR or Berlin-LUS | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ARDS present | ARDS absent | ARDS present | ARDS absent | ARDS present | ARDS absent | ||
| n | 456 | 216 | 240 | 229 | 227 | 295 | 161 |
| Age (years) | 62.3 ± 14.8 | 63.1 ± 14.3 | 61.5 ± 15.3 | 62.3 ± 14.3 | 62.2 ± 15.4 | 62.9 ± 14.3 | 61.2 ± 15.7 |
| Female, n (%) | 163 (35.8) | 70 (32.4) | 93 (38.8) | 75 (32.8) | 88 (38.8) | 100 (33.9) | 63 (39.1) |
| Height (m) | 1.60 ± 0.09 | 1.60 ± 0.09 | 1.60 ± 0.09 | 1.60 ± 0.09 | 1.60 ± 0.10 | 1.60 ± 0.09 | 1.60 ± 0.10 |
| Weight (kg) | 64.7 ± 17.9 | 66.7 ± 18.8* | 62.9 ± 16.8* | 64.8 ± 16.8 | 64.6 ± 18.9 | 65.4 ± 17.9 | 63.3 ± 17.8 |
| ED (vs non-ED) admission, n (%) | 294 (64.5) | 126 (58.3)* | 168 (70.0)* | 137 (59.8)* | 157 (69.2)* | 182 (61.7) | 112 (69.6) |
| Main diagnosis, n (%) | * | * | * | * | * | * | |
| Pneumonia | 129 (28.3) | 90 (41.7) | 39 (16.3) | 85 (37.1) | 44 (19.4) | 113 (38.3) | 16 (9.9) |
| Other sepsisa | 51 (11.2) | 26 (12.0) | 25 (10.4) | 25 (10.9) | 26 (11.5) | 32 (10.9) | 19 (11.8) |
| COPD/asthma | 22 (4.8) | 10 (4.6) | 12 (5.0) | 8 (3.5) | 14 (6.2) | 14 (4.8) | 8 (5.0) |
| AMI | 9 (2.0) | 4 (1.9) | 5 (2.1) | 4 (1.8) | 5 (2.2) | 4 (1.4) | 5 (3.1) |
| Stroke | 51 (11.2) | 14 (6.5) | 37 (15.4) | 18 (7.9) | 33 (14.5) | 23 (7.8) | 28 (17.4) |
| Otherb | 194 (42.5) | 72 (33.3) | 122 (50.8) | 89 (38.9) | 105 (46.3) | 109 (37.0) | 85 (52.8) |
| Comorbidity, n (%) | |||||||
| DM | 175 (38.4) | 86 (39.8) | 89 (37.1) | 81 (35.4) | 94 (41.4) | 109 (37.0) | 66 (41.0) |
| Hypertension | 258 (56.6) | 122 (56.5) | 136 (56.7) | 124 (54.2) | 134 (59.0) | 165 (55.9) | 93 (57.8) |
| IHD | 89 (19.5) | 47 (21.8) | 42 (17.5) | 54 (23.6)* | 35 (15.4)* | 65 (22.0) | 24 (14.9) |
| CCF | 10 (2.2) | 6 (2.8) | 4 (1.7) | 6 (2.6) | 4 (1.8) | 8 (2.7) | 2 (1.2) |
| COPD | 18 (4.0) | 10 (4.7) | 8 (3.3) | 8 (3.5) | 10 (4.4) | 12 (4.1) | 6 (3.7) |
| CKD | 92 (20.2) | 49 (22.7) | 43 (17.9) | 50 (21.8) | 42 (18.5) | 64 (21.7) | 28 (17.4) |
| CLD | 42 (9.2) | 22 (10.2) | 20 (8.3) | 21 (9.2) | 21 (9.3) | 27 (9.2) | 15 (9.3) |
| Cancer | 42 (9.2) | 21 (9.7) | 21 (8.9) | 26 (11.4) | 16 (7.1) | 30 (10.2) | 12 (7.5) |
| APACHE II | 28.4 ± 8.0 | 29.5 ± 8.0* | 27.5 ± 7.9* | 28.9 ± 8.1 | 27.9 ± 7.9 | 29.1 ± 8.1* | 27.2 ± 7.7* |
| pH | 7.32 ± 0.15 | 7.32 ± 0.15 | 7.33 ± 0.15 | 7.33 ± 0.15 | 7.32 ± 0.14 | 7.32 ± 0.15 | 7.33 ± 0.15 |
| PF ratio | 218 ± 152 | 150 ± 70* | 280 ± 177* | 149 ± 66* | 288 ± 180* | 152 ± 67* | 343 ± 184* |
All values are shown as mean ± standard deviation unless otherwise indicated
AMI acute myocardial infarction, APACHE Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation score, ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome, CCF Congestive cardiac failure, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, CKD chronic kidney disease, CLD chronic liver disease, CXR chest radiography, DM diabetes mellitus, ED Emergency department, IHD ischemic heart disease, LUS lung ultrasound, PF ratio partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood divided by the inspired oxygen fraction
aFor example, urinary tract infection, hepatobiliary sepsis
bFor example, massive gastrointestinal bleeding, massive hemoptysis, pulmonary vasculitis, pneumonitis, pulmonary embolism, malignancy, endocrine emergencies, nonstroke neuromuscular emergencies
*P < 0.05; for main diagnosis, a 6 × 2 Pearson chi-squared test was performed for each ARDS definition