Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of study population according to AKI
| All | AKI | Non-AKI | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | 1273 | 224 | 1049 | |
| Age, years | 68 ± 13 | 72 ± 11 | 67 ± 13 | < 0.001 |
| Male, n (%) | 821 (64) | 138 (62) | 683 (65) | 0.32 |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 811 (64) | 169 (75) | 642 (61) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 575 (45) | 88 (39) | 487 (46) | 0.05 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 462 (36) | 107 (48) | 355 (34) | < 0.001 |
| Current or ex-smoker, n (%) | 361 (28) | 59 (26) | 302 (29) | 0.46 |
| Previous myocardial infarction, n (%) | 228 (18) | 41 (18) | 187 (18) | 0.87 |
| Prior hospitalization for worsening heart failure, n (%) | 242 (19) | 45 (20) | 197 (19) | 0.65 |
| Previous cerebral infarction, n (%) | 181 (14) | 41 (18) | 140 (13) | 0.05 |
| Previous coronary revascularization, n (%) | 231 (18) | 41 (18) | 190 (18) | 0.95 |
| Paroxysmal or persistent AF, n (%) | 279 (22) | 56 (25) | 223 (21) | 0.22 |
| Acute decompensated heart failure, n (%) | 485 (38) | 118 (53) | 367 (35) | < 0.001 |
| Acute coronary syndrome, n (%) | 588 (46) | 77 (34) | 511 (49) | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure, mmHg | 141 ± 31 | 144 ± 35 | 141 ± 30 | 0.14 |
| Heart rate, beats per minutes | 86 ± 26 | 89 ± 27 | 85 ± 25 | 0.04 |
| Emergent CAG or PCI before admission, n (%) | 458 (36) | 68 (30) | 390 (37) | 0.05 |
| Mechanical ventilation before admission, n (%) | 27 (2.1) | 10 (4.5) | 17 (1.6) | 0.007 |
| IABP before admission, n (%) | 115 (9) | 39 (17) | 76 (7) | < 0.001 |
| White blood cell count, × 103/μL | 8.7 ± 3.7 | 9.8 ± 4.1 | 8.5 ± 3.5 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 12.7 ± 2.3 | 12.0 ± 2.5 | 12.8 ± 2.3 | < 0.001 |
| eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2 | 64.7 ± 23.1 | 51.3 ± 25.1 | 67.6 ± 21.6 | < 0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL | 158 ± 69 | 182 ± 81 | 153 ± 66 | < 0.001 |
| hs-CRP, mg/L | 2.49 (0.76–11.4) | 5.52 (1.24–29.1) | 2.13 (0.71–8.62) | < 0.001 |
| NT-proBNP, pg/mL | 1120 (230–4024) | 2952 (1075–9329) | 820 (194–3291) | < 0.001 |
| hs-TnT, pg/mL | 56 (16–443) | 82 (26–661) | 50 (15–408) | 0.001 |
| Urinary L-FABP, ng/mL | 5.9 (2.4–18.0) | 21.8 (6.3–65.9) | 4.8 (2.0–12.9) | < 0.001 |
| LVEF, % | 47.5 ± 13.7 | 45.9 ± 14.5 | 47.9 ± 13.5 | 0.05 |
| Treatment at enrollment, n (%) | ||||
| Antiplatelet drugs | 425 (33) | 83 (37) | 342 (33) | 0.20 |
| Statins | 395 (31) | 67 (30) | 328 (31) | 0.69 |
| RAAS inhibitors | 518 (41) | 103 (46) | 415 (40) | 0.08 |
| Beta-blockers | 329 (26) | 66 (29) | 263 (25) | 0.17 |
| Diuretics | 338 (27) | 77 (34) | 261 (25) | 0.004 |
| Anticoagulant drugs | 180 (14) | 34 (15) | 146 (14) | 0.62 |
Data are expressed as number (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (25th–75th percentile)
AKI acute kidney injury, AF atrial fibrillation, CAG coronary angiography, PCI percutaneous coronary intervention, IABP intraaortic balloon pump, eGFR creatinine-based estimated glomerular filtration rate, hs-CRP high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, NT-proBNP N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide, hs-TnT high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T, L-FABP liver-type fatty acid-binding protein, LVEF left ventricular ejection fraction, RAAS renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system