Table 3.
Mental health and functional outcomes at age 18 years, simultaneously adjusting for young adult co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms and childhood ADHD diagnosis
| Mental health | OR | 95% CI | p value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Depression | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.22 | (1.13, 1.31) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 1.25 | (0.86, 1.82) | 0.239 |
| Anxiety | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.12 | (1.01, 1.24) | 0.028 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 1.53 | (0.88, 2.64) | 0.130 |
| Conduct disorder | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.30 | (1.20, 1.40) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 1.21 | (0.83, 1.78) | 0.323 |
| Suicide/self-harm | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.24 | (1.15, 1.35) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 1.03 | (0.67, 1.59) | 0.890 |
| Substance use | OR | 95% CI | p value |
| Cannabis dependence | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.32 | (1.19, 1.48) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 0.94 | (0.45, 1.97) | 0.870 |
| Illicit drug use | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.24 | (1.15, 1.35) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 0.95 | (0.63, 1.42) | 0.785 |
| Alcohol dependence | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.18 | (1.09, 1.27) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 1.03 | (0.67, 1.58) | 0.898 |
| Psychosocial | b | 95% CI | p value |
| Life satisfaction | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | -0.09 | (-0.13, -0.06) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | -0.07 | (-0.18, 0.04) | 0.234 |
| Social Isolation | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 0.33 | (0.16, 0.50) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 0.06 | (-0.66, 0.76) | 0.871 |
| Problematic technology use | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 0.34 | (0.07, 1.47) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 0.77 | (-0.68, 0.08) | 0.030 |
| Physical health | OR | 95% CI | p value |
| Obesity | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.07 | (0.96, 1.19) | 0.215 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 1.80 | (1.13, 2.88) | 0.013 |
| Daily cigarette smoking | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.35 | (1.25, 1.46) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 1.44 | (1.02, 2.03) | 0.039 |
| Emergency department visit | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.11 | (1.02, 1.19) | 0.012 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 1.16 | (0.82, 1.64) | 0.400 |
| Socioeconomic | OR | 95% CI | p value |
| Low educational attainment | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.20 | (1.10, 1.30) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 4.65 | (3.28, 6.60) | <0.001 |
| NEET status | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.23 | (1.12, 1.35) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 2.39 | (1.60, 3.57) | <0.001 |
| Criminal cautions/convictions | |||
| Co-informant-rated ADHD symptoms | 1.20 | (1.09, 1.31) | <0.001 |
| Childhood ADHD diagnosis | 1.97 | (1.34, 2.90) | 0.010 |
Statistical analyses adjusted for gender and parental socioeconomic status. OR=odds ratio, b=regression coefficient, CI=confidence interval, NEET = not in education, employment or training.