Table 1.
DNA polymerase families
| Family | Function | 3´−5´ Exo |
Conf. selection | Error rate1 | Examples | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bacterial | Archaeal | Humans (function) | PDB2 | |||||
| A | Replication | Yes | Yes | 10−5 – 10−7 | Pol I, T7 Pol | Pol γ (mitochondrial) | 5C53 | |
| Repair | No | Yes | 10−3 – 10−4 | Pol θ (TMEJ) Pol ν (end processing) |
4X0Q 4XVK, 4XVM |
|||
| B | Replication | Yes | Yes | 10−4 – 10−7 | RB69 Pol ϕ29 Pol |
PolB | Pol α (primer extension) Pol δ (lagging strand & large gap filling, lGRS) Pol ε (leading strand) |
4QCL, 5EXR 3IAY 4M8O, 4PTF |
| TLS extension | Yes/No | Yes | 10−3 – 10−6 | Pol II | Pol ζ (TLS extension) | 3K5O, 3K5M | ||
| C | Replication | Yes | Yes | 10−5 – 10−7 | Pol III, PolC | 3F2C, 5M1S | ||
| Repair | 10−2 – 10−3 | S. pyo DnaE | ||||||
| D | Replication | Yes | 10−4 – 10−5 | Pol D | ||||
| X | BER BER/sGRS sGRS sGRS |
No | Yes No No No |
10−2 – 10−4 | D. rad Pol X |
Pol X | Pol β (BER, sGRS) Pol λ (BER, NHEJ) Pol μ (NHEJ) TdT (NHEJ) |
2FMS, 4KLH 2PFO 4M04 4QZ9(B) |
| Y | TLS insertion | No | No No No No |
10−2 – 10−4 3 – 10−4 10−3 – 10−4 — |
Pol IV (DinB) Pol V (UmuC) |
Dpo4, Dbh | Pol η (CPD, SHM) Pol ι Pol κ (steroid, BPDE) Rev1 (AP, SHM) |
3MR3, 4ECV 5ULW 1T94, 2OH2 3GQC |
| RT | Replication | No | Yes | 10−3 – 10−4 | HIV-1 RT TERT (telomerase) |
3KK2 3KYL |
||
| PrimPol | Repair | No | Yes | 10−2 – 10−4 | PolDom | PolDom | PrimPol | 5L2X |
1
Error rates are measured without accessary components of replisome.
2
Representative structures for each DNA polymerase family are listed.