Table 2.

Antioxidants involved in protection from photoaging.

Antioxidants	Class	Bioactive compound	Skin protection from photoaging	Ref
Synthetic	Nitroxides (mimetics of SOD)	Tempol	Protection from UVA- and UVB-induced damage in vitro and in vivo Inhibition of extracellular matrix degradation and preservation of collagen production in vitro	[67–70]
	Coenzyme Q analogues	Idebenone	Protection from oxidative stress damage in living skin Suppression of sunburn cell formation	[71]
Natural	Flavonoids	Quercetin	Inhibition of UV-induced inflammation in primary human keratinocytes Protection of mice skin from UV radiation-induced damage	[72, 73]
		Malvidin and Cyanidin derivatives	Protection of murine fibroblast from UVA damages	[74]
	Polyphenols	Resveratrol	Protection of HaCaT cells from UVB irradiation through attenuation of the caspase pathway Counteraction of UVB damages in hairless mice Reduction of skin wrinkling and skin oxidative stress	[75–77]
	Carotenoids	β-Carotene	Prevention and repair from photoaging Protection of human skin against UV radiation in human clinical studies	[78–80]
		Lycopene
		Luthein
	Vitamins	Vitamin C	Protection of HaCaT cells from UVA irradiation through attenuation of inflammation and activation of apoptosis Antioxidant, photoprotection, antiaging, antipigmentary effects on the skin	[81–84]
		Vitamin E	Skin photoprotection against UV-induced oxidative stress	[84, 85]