Table 4.

Summary table for multiple regressions predicting language development from 3 to 5 years of age

	Language outcome measure
	PLS-4 @ 5yo		PPVT-4 @ 5yo
	R2 change for model 2 (significance)
PLS-4 or PPVT-4 @ 3yoa	.67 (< .001)		.35 (< .001)
Gender, 4FAHL, MatEd, Mode, Device, AgeHAorCI	.03 (.567)		.30 (.004)
Disability Group	.12 (< .001)		.04 (.050)
Total R2	.83 (< .001)		.70 (< .001)
N	60		40
	Regression coefficients (significance)
	Model 1	Model 2	Model 1	Model 2
PLS-4 or PPVT-4 @ 3yoa	0.699 (< .001)	0.538 (< .001)	0.513 (< .001)	0.509 (< .001)
Gender	1.789 (.640)	−0.100 (.973)	7.932 (.048)	6.733 (.080)
4FA HL	−0.005 (.972)	−0.044 (.689)	−0.159 (.224)	−0.144 (.249)
Mat Ed (ref: university)
Certificate/diploma	3.968 (.361)	1.999 (.555)	4.921 (.260)	3.548 (.398)
≤ 12 years	−4.734 (.326)	−2.575 (.493)	−0.305 (.952)	−1.899 (.697)
Mode (ref: oral)	−4.088 (.068)	−2.417 (.168)	−9.900 (.001)	−8.945 (.002)
Device (HA or CI)	−1.495 (.845)	−1.354 (.820)	4.572 (.455)	3.328 (.570)
AgeHAorCI	−0.014 (.942)	−0.037 (.802)	0.241 (.191)	0.121 (.508)
Disability Group	----b	17.99 (< .001)	----b	9.255 (.050)

Note. PLS-4 = Preschool Language Scales 4^th edition; PPVT-4 = Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test 4^th edition; Bold font indicates p < .05; 4FA HL = four-frequency average hearing loss in the better ear; Mode = Communication mode in early intervention; MatEd = Maternal education (coded as two binary variables using university education as the reference category); AgeHAorCI = Age of intervention with current device; Disability Group = Group A (ASD, CP, DD) versus Group B (other disabilities).

^aTo predict language development from 3 to 5 years of age, 5-year-old scores on a given measure served as the dependent variable and 3-year-old scores on the same measure were partialled out at step one.

^bDisability group was not included in model 1.