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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2018 Aug 19.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Neurol. 2018 Jan 29;14(3):168–181. doi: 10.1038/nrneurol.2017.185

Figure 2. Insulin effects in major cell types of the brain.

Figure 2

Main characteristics of insulin signalling in neurons, astrocytes, microglia and the vascular system. AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole propionic acid; BBB, blood–brain barrier; GLUT, glucose transporter type protein; IR, insulin receptor; IRS, insulin receptor substrate; LTD, long-term depression; LTP, long-term potentiation; NMDA, N-methyl-d-aspartate; NO, nitric oxide.