Table 2.

Example passages from the twelve extracted Deliberate Practice Procedures (DPP), analyzed into DP1-DP4 operationalizing DP. For the complete dataset of full extracts please see Supplementary Results: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.6078632.

Procedure	DP1: Structure	DP2: Goals	DP3: Feedback	DP4: Repetition
1. “Feel” for grip and traction	“coaching” “exercise” “exercise” “forgetting … lap times practice” “put a 1 to 10 rating scale on it” “as you drive around the track, you can actually call out the amount of traction”	“improvement” “reading how much traction the tires have around every inch of the track”	“focusing on sensing the tires' traction” “make note of the vibrations and feedback through the steering wheel … lighter or heavier” “make note of the sound coming from the tires … more or less noise” “how does the car feel” “how much warning do the tires give”	“traction sensing sessions” “dedicate all or part of a practice session”
2. Sense of speed #1	“practice” “method” “exercises” [step-by-step]	“estimating speed, based solely on sensory input and not on the speedometer” “very accurate and most important consistent at judging and establishing a specified speed”	“see how accurate you are” “check how well you did”	“do it again and again” “over and over again”
3. Sense of speed #2	“technique” “using a pylon or pavement marker as a reference point” “your assistant should then ask you to increase your corner entry speed by 2 miles per h” “try 1 mile per hour less” [step-by-step]	“goal of entering the turn at exactly the same speed” “goal … is to consistently be at the same speed as you turn in to the corner” “to enter every corner on a race track at the same speed … within 1 mile per h” “calibrate your speed sensing with reality”	“radio to you the speed the speed you were traveling as you turned into the corner” “corner speed varies more than 1 mile per h” “See if you know what that small increase feels like” “how does that feel?”	“10 laps” “for at least 10 laps in a row”
4. Sense of speed #3 and speed adjustment	“drill” “drill”	“turn at the right speed … your target speed” “awareness of speed”	“your entry speed was right”	“first … second … third … ways to do”
5. “Smooth” control	“practice” “practice” “practice” “think of the word 'squeeze'; think of the word 'ease”'	“squeeze [on the gaze pedal],” “ease [off the gaze pedal] gently,” “squeeze [on the brakes] smoothly and progressively,” “feed in the required steering input,” “place [the shifter] in gear…with finesse” “squeeze the brakes on smoothly, firmly and progressively,” “release the brake pedal very gently”	“Don't pounce on the gas pedal,” “Don't slam on the brakes,” “Don't yank or jerk the steering wheel,” “so that you don't actually feel the point at which the brakes are fully released,” “so that you can't feel the exact point where the car comes to a complete stop”	“everyday driving,” “when driving on the street,” “every day on the street,” “becomes second nature or habit,” “on the street,” “do it enough on the street”
6. “Looking ahead”	“It takes practice” “begin practicing” “help you determine”	“looking farther ahead than you do now” “where to look” “look far enough ahead … but not [too] far” “With [reference points] you have a choice of where to look” “Having enough [reference points] … you can see enough to keep the track ‘opened up”'	“accelerating the scene” “you lose your feel for where you are on the track” “opening up the track, making it appear larger. When you look to far or too close … the track seems to narrow.” “your signal to either change [reference points] or to find more of them … Adjust the [reference points] so the scene is moving at the right speed for you”	“on the street”
7. Situational awareness #1	“work on seeing” “train yourself”	“be aware of everything and everyone around you” “be very focused, and yet be able to notice other things around you” “being aware of everything around you” “to know what's going on around you” “anticipate what they are going to do”	“make note of all the other cars around you – especially the ones you can't see directly in the mirrors” “keep track of cars behind and beside you”	“practice this on the street” “practice on the street” “at all times”
8. Situational awareness #2	“practice” “practicing” “practicing” “ask your brain” “ask your brain”	“be aware of everything along the side of the roadway” “allow your brain to take in more information” “aware of everything around you” “aware of other cars around you on the track—without having to put much, if any, concentration in it”	“Make note of the ground and the grass and the trees in great detail.” “note the colors, the type and amount of leaves on the rtees, the condition of the bark, whether the ground is made up of mostly dirt or rocks etc., the speed at which they pass by”	“while driving in the steet, and also in all other activities in your life.” “in your everyday world” “in traffic on the street” “the more you practice this…”
9. “Wide–screen” peripheral vision	“drill” “practice” “practice” [step-by-step]	“the correct seeing techniques” “moving your attention around, while looking at one spot or area”	“aware of other areas”	“as you're driving to the races or just sitting in a chair” “can take time to develop”
10. Finding the correct apex	“tool” “technique” “late apex at first” “When you feel you should turn in, overrule your instinct and turn later. Aim for an apex point that's later than you expect it eventually will be” “start with a late apex, then begin turning slightly earlier”	“find the right line” “determining whether you had the correct apex” “able to stay just barely on the track at the exit, while accelerating as hard as possible” ”the car will naturally want to follow a path out to the exit point“	“see what happens at the exit” “Look for an RPM improvement at the track-out. If the exit speed is improving, keep moving the turn-in earlier until symptoms of the early apex start to show up.” ”you come out of the corner having to turn more to keep from running off the road“ “not using all the road on exit” “too close to the inside corner”
11. Visuali–zation and timing	[Step-by-step] “Close your eyes and think of a race track” “timing your memory”	“go through it exactly as fast as the last time you rode there” “enough reference points” “having sufficient [reference points]” “a better sense of time because … you have points to mark your motion around the track”	“much too long or much too short”	(implied; you need to develop reference points for all tracks)
12. Visuali–zation and track maps	“method” [step-by-step] “go back over your ‘movie”' “draw” “make a note” “make note on your turn drawings” “marking” “draw yourself pictures of each turn” “Close your eyes and go over the turns in your mind” “Mark down these spots in your diagram” “marking down”	“find out where you don't have enough [reference points]” “listed your barriers”	“the reference points you're not sure of in every turn” “the places you hesitate, go blank, the scene gets foggy or where you hurry through it too fast” “indicates you have too few reference points” “the spots where you're having difficulty of making mistakes” “parts will be foggy, unclear or just not there” “places that are barriers to you, whether they're caused by uncertainty, rushed time, mistakes or other problems”	“use it anytime” “at the track, in between sessions and races”