Table 3.

Classification of the twelve DPP into the three levels of the McRuer hierarchy, and putative perceptual-cognitive mechanisms that are the target of improvement.

Level	Deliberate practice procedure		Perceptual-cognitive capacities targeted for improvement
Control	C1	“Feel” for grip and traction	The use of multisensory feedback to gauge available grip and traction (changes in friction and load on each tire), esp. under hard braking, steering and acceleration (i.e., in limit handling).	Multisensory integration and stabilizing motor routines
	C2	Sense of speed #1	The use of multisensory feedback to gauge speed.
	C3	Sense of speed #2	The use of multisensory feedback to gauge speed.
	C4	Sense of speed #3	Use of multisensory feedback to gauge and fine-tune motor routines adjust speed
	C5	‘Smooth' control	Developing motor routines with the higher time derivatives of vehicle/controller position (jerk, snap) better adapted to vehicle dynamic response.
Guidance	G1	‘Looking ahead'	Visual strategy: i. looking far enough ahead (but not too far), ii. using as gaze targets known reference points – landmarks or waypoints from long-term memory, and iii. using covert visual attention (peripheral vision) as well as overt gaze control to track multiple perceptual targets.	Visuospatial attention and predictive gaze strategies
	G2	Situational awareness #1	Covert visual attention and visuospatial short term memory, object tracking
	G3	Situational awareness #2	Covert visual attention and visuospatial short term memory, object tracking
	G4	Peripheral vision (‘widescreen')	Executive control of covert visual attention (to decouple gaze control and visuospatial attention).
Navigation	N1	Determining reference points (‘finding the apex')	Using (memory of) action-outcomes as feedback for updating long-term memory (cognitive maps) with waypoints and landmarks, used at the guidance level as attentional tracking targets and locomotor targets for optimal curve negotiation.	Self-localization and trajectory planning
	N2	Probing reference point spatial memory with mental imagery #1 (chronometric self-diagnosis of spatial knowledge)	Establishing in long-term memory (cognitive maps) a sufficient number or reference points (waypoints, landmarks…) for accurate self-localization and motor planning using mental imagery.
	N3	Probing reference point spatial memory with mental imagery #2 (symbolic self-elicitation of spatial knowledge)	Establishing in long-term memory (cognitive maps) a sufficient number or reference points (waypoints, landmarks…) for accurate self-localization and motor planning with the use of symbolic external memory representations.