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. 2018 Aug 13;12:61. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00061

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Copyright © 2018 Ye, Bartlett, Schmit, Sherman, Falk and Cowen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ketamine-induced locomotion on the 1st and 5th injection. (A) Movement speed during each recording session was measured for periods surrounding ketamine or saline injection (bin size = 8 s, convolved with a 80 s Hanning window). This figure displays the mean and ±SEM across sessions (ketamine: n = 19, saline: n = 11 sessions from 8 rats) for the first and fifth injection. (B) To determine if movement speed was affected by multiple ketamine injections, average speed during the 2–20 min post-injection interval was analyzed and averaged for each rat. A strong effect of drug (ketamine vs. saline) was observed following injections 1 (t-test, p = 0.0015, n = 8 rats) and 5 (p = 0.00006, n = 8 rats). The effect of multiple injections was determined by comparing within-subject responses on the 1st and 5th injection using paired t-tests. Neither saline nor ketamine groups exhibited a significant difference in mean movement speed between injections 1 and 5 (paired t-test, saline: p = 0.50, n = 7 rats; ketamine: p = 0.59, n = 8 rats).