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. 2018 Aug 13;12:61. doi: 10.3389/fncir.2018.00061

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Copyright © 2018 Ye, Bartlett, Schmit, Sherman, Falk and Cowen.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Ketamine-induced cross-frequency coupling. (A) The time course of CFC following the first (top row) and fifth (bottom row) ketamine injection (mean, ± SEM, n = 8 rats). Ketamine increased delta-HFO and theta-HFO CFC. Inspection of these responses indicated no delta-gamma and theta-gamma CFC despite strong ketamine-associated gamma oscillations in M1. The duration of delta-HFO CFC appeared to increase from injection 1 to injection 5 in M1, dSTR, and vSTR. (B) Comparison of CFC following injections 1 and 5. Mean and ± SEM CFC following ketamine and saline injections during the 2–90 min post-injection period following the first (orange) and fifth (blue) injections. Bold bars indicate significant between-subject differences vs. controls and significant within-subject differences in either the 1st or 5th ketamine injections (paired t-test, Holm–Bonferroni correction). Paired-comparison plots are provided in Supplementary Figure 2. (C) As in B, but for the 92–110 min post-injection period.