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. 2018 Jul 3;57(30):9238–9261. doi: 10.1002/anie.201800343

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© 2018 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.

This is an open access article under the terms of the http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ License, which permits use and distribution in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited, the use is non‐commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.

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Scheme 33 — Generalised scheme for the oxidation of HMF to FDCA. For reasons of clarity, the actual catalysts (peroxygenase or oxidase) as well as the oxidants (H₂O₂ or O₂) have been omitted.