Table 4.
Observational studies on vitamin B-complex association with periodontal disease.
| Study Type | Sample | Sex; Age; N | Dietary Intake Assessment | Nutritional Status Assessment | Periodontal Status | Analysis Results (p-Value) | Main Results/Conclusions | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CS | NHANES 2001/02 Participants (US) | Both; ≥60 y; N = 844 | - | Serum levels of vitamin B9 (quartiles) | Periodontal disease 2 | OR 1 = 0.28 (95%CI: 0.30–1); p = 0.03 for trend (mult. logistic reg.) | Negative association | [63] |
| CS | Non-smokers adults (Japan) | Both; ≥18 y; N = 497 | Dietary intake of vitamin B9 | - | CPI | N.S. (mult. logistic reg.) | Negative association with % BOP | [64] |
| % BOP | β= −0.204; p < 0.001 (mult. logistic reg.) | |||||||
| CS | NHANES participants (Japan) | Both; ≥20 y; N = 3043 | Dietary intake of vitamins B9 & B12 by FFQ | - | CPI = 3–4 | N.S. (mult. logistic reg.) | No associations | [65] |
| CS | Dental clinic patients (US) | Both; N/A; N = 80 | Dietary intakes of vitamins B1, B2 & B3 (N = 56) | - | RPI | N.S. (mult. linear reg. with R2 improvement) | No associations | [36] |
| CS | Subjects from an ethnic group (Sri Lanka) | Both; ≥13 y; N = 7944 | - | Vitamin B deficiency determined by clinical symptoms | RPI | N.S. (mult. linear reg.) | No association | [39] |
| CC | Non-smokers adolescents (Italy) | Female; 17–19 y; N = 54 | Dietary intakes of vitamin B1 by 3-d record | - | Gingivitis affected 3 vs. non-affected | 0.6 (±0.2) < 0.9 (±0.3) mg/d; p = 0.001 (Student t test) | Negative association with vitamin B2 intake | [37] |
| N.S. (Stepwise Mult. logistic reg.) | ||||||||
| Dietary intakes of vitamin B2 by 3-d record | 1.1 (±0.3) < 1.4 (±0.3) mg/d; p = 0.0009 (Student t test) | |||||||
| OR = 0.06 (96%CI: 0.01–0.35); p = 0.002 (Stepwise Mult. logistic reg.) | ||||||||
| Dietary intakes of vitamin B3 by 3-d record | N.S. (Student t test) | |||||||
| Dietary intakes marginal deficiency (<2/3 RDA) of vitamin B1 by 3-d record | 51.9 > 22.2%; p = 0.04 (X2 test with Yates correction) | |||||||
| Dietary intakes marginal deficiency (<2/3 RDA) of vitamin B2 by 3-d record | 29.6 > 0% p = 0.007 (X2 test with Yates correction) | |||||||
| Dietary intakes marginal deficiency (<2/3 RDA) of vitamin B3 by 3-d record | N.S. (X2 test with Yates correction) |
1 values compared highest vs. lowest percentile, 2 ≥10% sites with CAL >4 mm & ≥10% sites PPD >3 mm, 3 ≥1 site with BOP. Abbreviations: 95%CI: 95% confidence interval, BOP: bleeding on probing; CC: Case-control study, CPI: Community periodontal index, CS: cross-sectional study, d: days, mult.: multiple, N: sample size, N.S.: not significant, NHANES: National Health and Nutrition examination Survey, OR: Odds ratio, Ref: reference, reg.: regression, RPI: Russel’s Periodontal Index, RDA: recommended dietary amount, US: United States, vs.: versus, y: years.