Table 1.

The summary of essential oils from different plants, their pharmacological properties, and mechanism of actions.

EO Botanical Origins	Administration	Pharmacological Effects	Mechanism of Actions	Authors/Year/Ref.
Achillea Wilhelmsii C. Koch	i.p.	anxiolytic effects	not probably mediated through GABA and opioid receptors	Majnooni et al., 2013 [19]
Acorus gramineus Rhizoma	INH; p.o.	pentylenetetrazole-induced convulsion; sedative effect; CNS inhibitory effects	increased GABA level; decreased GABA transaminase	Koo et al., 2003 [20]
Acorus tatarinowii Schott		analgesic effects	inhibited Na+ channels	Moreira-Lobo et al., 2010 [17]
Aloysia citrodora Palau	in vitro	effective antioxidant, radical-scavenging activities, and neuronal protection	inhibited [3H] nicotine binding	Abuhamdah et al., 2015 [21]
Artemisia herba-alba	in vitro	antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities	N/A	Abu-Darwish et al., 2015 [22]
Artemisia ludoviciana	i.p.	antinociceptive activity	partially mediated by the opioid system	Anaya-Eugenio et al., 2016 [23]
Artemisia judaica	in vitro	antifungal and anti-inflammatory activities	N/A	Abu-Darwish et al., 2016 [24]
Artemisia dracunculus	i.p.	peripheral and central antinociceptive activity	N/A	Maham et al., 2014 [25]
Asarum heterotropoides	INH	decreased depression-like behaviors	N/A	Park et al., 2015 [26]
Camellia sinensis	INH	increased sleeping time	potentiated GABAA receptors	Hossain et al., 2004 [27]
Citrus aurantium	p.o.	anxiolyticlike activity	serotonergic system (5-HT1A receptors)	Costa et al., 2013 [28]
Citrus bergamia		decreased stress-induced anxiety	tuning synaptic plasticity	Bagetta et al., 2010 [29]
Citrus sinensis	INH	acute anxiolytic activity	N/A	Faturi et al., 2010 [30]
Coriander	INH	increased anxiolytic–antidepressant-like behaviors, and	N/A	Cioanca et al., 2014 [31]
Cymbopogon citratus	p.o.	anxiolytic-like activity	potentiated GABAA receptor complex	Costa et al., 2011 [13]
Cymbopogon winterianus Jowitt; and C. citratus (DC) Stapf.	i.p.	anticonvulsant activities	via GABAergic neurotransmission	Silva et al., 2010 [32]
Dysphania graveolens	p.o.	antinociceptive effects	N/A	Déciga-Campos et al., 2017 [33]
Hyptis mutabilis (Rich.) Briq.	p.o.	sedative and central anesthetic activities	no involvement of the GABAA-BDZ system	Silva et al., 2013 [34]
Lavandula angustifolia	INH	anxiolytic-like effects	serotonergic system	Chioca et al., 2013 [35]
Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown	p.o.	central anesthetic effect	involvement of the GABAergic system	Heldwein et al., 2012 [36]
Lemon oil		anxiolytic, antidepressant-like effects	suppression of DA activity related to enhanced 5-HTnergic neurons	Komiya et al., 2006 [37]
Melissa officinalis	p.o.	anti-agitation effects in patients and the depressant effects in in-vitro	inhibited GABA-induced currents	Abuhamdah et al., 2008 [38]
Nigella sativa Seed lmain components	p.o.	potentiation of valproate-induced anticonvulsant effect	increased in GABAergic response	Raza et al., 2008 [39]
Perfume and phytoncid	in vitro	anxiolytic anticonvulsant and sedative activity	potentiating GABAA receptors	Aoshima and Hamamoto, 1999 [40]
Piper guineense	INH	sedative and anxiolytic-like effects	N/A	Tankam and Tto, 2013 [2]
Pistacia integerrima Stewart ex Brandis Galls	in vitro	relaxant and spasmolytic effects	involvement of β-adrenoceptors and calcium channels	Shirole et al., 2015 [41]
Salvia sclarea	i.p. or INH	anti-depressant-like effect	modulating DAnergic pathway	Seol et al., 2010 [42]
Syzygium aromaticum		local anesthesia	Inhibited sodium channels	Huang et al., 2012 [43]
Tagetes minuta L	sc	anxiogenic-like effects	negative modulation on the GABAergic function	Marin et al., 1998 [44]
Thymus capitatus Hoff. et Link.	p.o.	antinociceptive activity	via peripheral nervous excitability blockade	Gonçalves et al., 2017 [45]
Valerian officinalis L	p.o.	sedatives	N/A	Houghton, 1999 [46]

Note: N/A: not applicable; p.o.: by mouth, oral; sc: subcutaneous injection; i.p.: intraperitoneal injection; INH: inhalation.