Table 1.

Chemical compositions of ethanol and aqueous extracts in C. paliurus from different geographical locations (mg/g, mean ± SD). Different letters indicate significant differences (p < 0.05 by Duncan’s test) between treatments (n = 3) (nd, not detected).

Compounds	LOD (ng/mL)	LOQ (ng/mL)	EL1	EL2	EL3	EL4	EL5	AL1	AL2	AL3	AL4	AL5
3-O-caffeoylquinic acid (P1)	64.25	214.21	0.35 ± 0.011 cd	1.38 ± 0.153 a	0.39 ± 0.003 cd	0.45 ± 0.028 bc	0.31 ± 0.003 d	0.09 ± 0.003 e	1.30 ± 0.028 a	0.55 ± 0.006 b	0.04 ± 0.003 e	0.09 ± 0.006 e
4-O-caffeoylquinic acid (P2)	57.93	197.58	0.03 ± 0.001 h	0.08 ± 0.003 e	0.28 ± 0.003 b	0.11 ± 0.003 d	0.08 ± 0.002 e	0.04 ± 0.001 g	0.23 ± 0.003 c	0.35 ± 0.003 a	0.01 ± 0.001 i	0.05 ± 0.003 f
4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (P3)	58.97	201.22	0.05 ± 0.003 d	0.10 ± 0.001 c	0.42 ± 0.028 a	0.16 ± 0.003 b	0.08 ± 0.003 cd	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
quercetin-3-O-glucuronide (F1)	40.28	128.74	2.15 ± 0.010 b	1.57 ± 0.006 d	2.12 ± 0.003 c	2.38 ± 0.005 a	0.78 ± 0.003 g	0.33 ± 0.003 h	1.25 ± 0.028 e	0.98 ± 0.003 f	0.30 ± 0.009 i	0.34 ± 0.009 h
quercetin-3-O-galactoside (F2)	52.94	174.17	0.47 ± 0.005 c	0.24 ± 0.003 d	0.52 ± 0.003 b	0.57 ± 0.005 a	0.20 ± 0.003 e	0.02 ± 0.001 g	0.01 ± 0.001 h	nd	nd	0.05 ± 0.001 f
isoquercitrin (F3)	58.42	192.52	0.22 ± 0.005 b	0.32 ± 0.006 a	0.18 ± 0.006 c	0.21 ± 0.013 b	0.08 ± 0.001 d	0.01± 0.001 g	0.05± 0.006 e	0.02 ± 0.001 fg	0.02 ± 0.003 fg	0.03 ± 0.001 ef
kaempferol-3-O-glucuronide (F4)	43.98	153.14	1.33 ± 0.001 b	0.86 ± 0.001 d	1.88 ± 0.001 a	0.95 ± 0.001 c	0.51 ± 0.001 g	0.18 ± 0.001 i	0.61 ± 0.001 f	0.74 ± 0.001 e	0.20 ± 0.001 h	0.17 ± 0.001 i
kaempferol-3-O-glucoside (F5) glucoside (F5)	53.85	187.37	0.18± 0.001 b	0.20 ± 0.001 a	0.12 ± 0.001 c	0.08 ± 0.001 d	0.05 ± 0.001 e	nd	0.02 ± 0.002 f	nd	nd	nd
quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside (F6) rhamnosiderhamnoside (F6)	62.48	199.32	0.23 ± 0.001 a	0.11 ± 0.001 d	0.20 ± 0.001 b	0.19 ± 0.001 c	nd	0.01 ± 0.001 g	0.01 ± 0.001 f	0.04 ± 0.001 e	nd	nd
kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside (F7)	64.13	211.81	2.30 ± 0.001 a	1.39 ± 0.001 d	1.78 ± 0.001 b	1.50 ± 0.006 c	0.68 ± 0.001 e	nd	0.05 ± 0.001 g	0.25 ± 0.001 f	nd	nd
arjunolic acid (T1)	78.13	260.17	2.25 ± 0.001 b	1.65 ± 0.0011 c	2.70 ± 0.001 a	1.60 ± 0.001 d	1.47 ± 0.001 e	0.02 ± 0.001 g	0.07 ± 0.001 f	0.07 ± 0.001 f	nd	0.02 ± 0.001 g
cyclocaric acid B (T2)	90.16	296.36	0.71 ± 0.001 c	0.95 ± 0.001 b	0.98 ± 0.001 a	0.65 ± 0.001 d	0.55 ± 0.001 e	0.05± 0.004g h	0.07 ± 0.001 f	0.06 ± 0.001 g	0.04 ± 0.002 h	0.05 ± 0.001 gh
pterocaryoside B (T3)	72.46	210.27	0.24 ± 0.001 d	0.01 ± 0.001 e	1.61 ± 0.008 b	1.42 ± 0.002 c	2.46 ± 0.002 a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
pterocaryoside A (T4)	86.39	268.62	1.66 ± 0.007 d	1.07 ± 0.004 e	1.73 ± 0.003 c	2.03 ± 0.002 b	2.48 ± 0.006 a	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
hederagenin (T5)	72.82	232.30	0.56 ± 0.002 c	0.45 ± 0.002 e	0.81 ± 0.004 a	0.70 ± 0.001 b	0.52 ± 0.003 d	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd
oleanolic acid (T6)	58.41	185.72	0.26 ± 0.002 c	0.25 ± 0.001 c	0.31 ± 0.001 a	0.30 ± 0.002 b	0.22 ± 0.002 d	0.003 ± 0.0001 fg	0.009 ± 0.0001 e	0.007 ± 0.0002 ef	0.001 ± 0.0001 g	0.003 ± 0.0001 fg
total phenolic acids (TP)	-	-	0.43 ± 0.014 e	1.57 ± 0.154 a	1.09 ± 0.023 b	0.71 ± 0.034 d	0.47 ± 0.007 e	0.12 ± 0.003 f	1.53 ± 0.026 a	0.91 ± 0.003 c	0.06 ± 0.003 f	0.13 ± 0.009 f
total flavonoids (TF)	-	-	6.88 ± 0.011 a	4.70 ± 0.002 d	6.80 ± 0.006 b	5.90 ± 0.008 c	2.30 ± 0.001 e	0.55 ± 0.003 i	1.99 ± 0.021 g	2.03 ± 0.001 f	0.52± 0.003 j	0.60 ± 0.010 h
total triterpenoids (TT)	-	-	5.69 ± 0.012 d	4.39 ± 0.004 e	8.15 ± 0.018 a	6.70 ± 0.008 c	7.70 ± 0.001 b	0.08 ± 0.004 g	0.15 ± 0.002 f	0.13 ± 0.001 f	0.05 ± 0.003 h	0.07 ± 0.001 g
polysaccharides (Ps)	-	-	nd	nd	nd	nd	nd	34.5 ± 2.02 c	44.0 ± 5.54 b	53.6 ± 4.05 a	28.8 ± 4.91 cd	28.2 ± 3.07 d