ABTS	2,2′-azino-bis 3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid
Aβ(25–35)	amyloid beta-protein fragment 25–35
AchE	acetylcholinesterase
AD	Alzheimer’s disease
ALP	alkaline phosphatase
ALT	alanine aminotransferase
Asp	aspartic acid
AST	aspartate aminotransferase
ATF3	activating transcription factors 3
BDNF	brain-derived neurotrophic factor
BMD	bone mineral density
BMP	bone morphogenetic proteins
BPA	bisphenol A
CCl4	carbon tetrachloride
ChAT	choline acetyltransferaxe
CHOP	C/EBP-homologous protein
CTAB	cetyl trimethylammonium bromide
CYP11A1	cytochrome P450scc
CYP17A1	cytochrome P450 17A1
DA	dopamine
DHBA	dihydroxybenzoic acid
DOPAC	3,4-dihydroxyphenyl acetic acid
DPPH	2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazylhydrate
ECH	echinacoside
EDTA	ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid
ERK	extracellular signal regulated kinase
5-FU	5-fluorouracil
GalN/LPS	d-galactosamine/lipopolysaccharide
GDNF	glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor
Glu	glutamic acid
GSH	glutathione
GSH-Px	glutathione peroxidase
5-HT	5-hydroxytryptamine
HPTLC	high-performance thin-layer chromatography
HIAA	hydroxyindoleacetic acid
3β-HSD	3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase/Δ5-Δ4 isomerase
17β-HSD	17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase
HVA	homovanillic acid
HSCCC	high speed countercurrent Chromatography
iNOS	inducible NO synthase
IL	interleukin
LC	liquid chromatography
LDH	lactate dehydrogenase
LDL	low-density lipoprotein
LOD	limit of detection
MAPK	mitogen-activated protein kinase
MCAO	middle cerebral artery occlusion
MDA	malondialdehyde
MPP	1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium
MPTP	1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine
NE	norepinephrine
NF-kappa B	nuclear factor-kappa B
NO	nitric oxide
NOS	nitric oxide synthase
6-OHDA	6-hydroxydopamine
OPG	osteoprotegerin
OPN	osteopontin
OVX	ovariectomized
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PhGs	phenylethanoid glycosides
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
RANKL	receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SCNA	synuclein alpha
SIRT1	silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog-1
SOD	superoxide dismutase
StAR	steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
TCM	traditional Chinese medicine
TGF	transforming growth factor
TNF	tumor necrosis factor
Trk	tropomyosin-related tyrosine kinase
OPG	osteoprotegerin
OPN	osteopontin
OVX	ovariectomized
PD	Parkinson’s disease
PhGs	phenylethanoid glycosides
PI3K	phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase
RANKL	receptor activator for nuclear factor-κB ligand
ROS	reactive oxygen species
SCNA	synuclein alpha
SIRT1	silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog-1
SOD	superoxide dismutase
StAR	steroidogenic acute regulatory protein
TCM	traditional Chinese medicine
TGF	transforming growth factor
TNF	tumor necrosis factor
Trk	tropomyosin-related tyrosine kinase