Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of studied population.a
| Variables | N = 121 | |
|---|---|---|
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 70 | 9.0 |
| Age group (years), n (%) | ||
| <65 | 32 | 26.45 |
| 65–74 | 47 | 38.84 |
| ≥75 | 42 | 43.71 |
| Male sex, n (%) | 112 | 92.6 |
| Educational level, n (%) | ||
| 6 years or lower | 59 | 48.76 |
| 7–12 years | 28 | 23.14 |
| >12 years | 34 | 28.10 |
| Smoking status, n (%) | ||
| Never smoker | 7 | 5.79 |
| Ex-smoker | 104 | 85.95 |
| Current smoker | 10 | 8.26 |
| Severity of COPD, n (%) | ||
| Mild | 31 | 25.62 |
| Moderate | 69 | 57.02 |
| Severe | 21 | 17.36 |
| MMRC scale, mean (SD) | 0.69 | 1.08 |
| Comorbid diseases, n (%) | ||
| Diabetes mellitus | 12 | 9.92 |
| Hypertension | 46 | 38.02 |
| Dyslipidemia | 10 | 8.26 |
| Chronic arthritis | 10 | 8.26 |
| Cancer | 6 | 4.96 |
| Regular medication uses, n (%) | ||
| Inhaled corticosteroid | 113 | 93.39 |
| Systemic steroid | 2 | 1.65 |
| Oral hypoglycemic drugs | 7 | 5.79 |
| Statin | 13 | 10.74 |
| NSAIDs | 1 | 0.83 |
| History of fall at least two times over the past 12 months, n (%) | 3 | 0.89 |
| Barthel scores, mean (SD) | 19.9 | 1 |
| Chula IADLs scores, mean (SD) | 8.98 | 0.18 |
| Nonelective admission over the past 12 months, n (%) | 32 | 26.45 |
| BMI (kg/m2), n (%) | ||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 19 | 15.7 |
| Normal and over weight (18.5–24.9) | 65 | 53.72 |
| Obesity (>25) | 37 | 30.58 |
| MAP (mmHg), mean (SD) | 95.96 | 10.68 |
| 6-MWD (m), mean (SD) | 423.39 | 73.67 |
| Gait speed (m/s), mean (SD) | 1.18 | 0.2 |
| Handgrip strength (kg), mean (SD) | ||
| Male | 26.65 | 6.02 |
| Female | 21.22 | 3.43 |
| Appendicular skeletal mass index (kg/m2), mean (SD) | ||
| Male | 7.1 | 0.89 |
| Female | 6.25 | 0.46 |
| Osteoporosis, n (%) | 45 | 37.19 |
| Sarcopenia, n (%) | 29 | 24 |
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; IADL: instrumental activities of daily living; BMI: body mass index; MAP: mean arterial blood pressure; SD: standard deviation; osteoporosis: defined when T-score of femoral neck or lumbar spine ≤−2.5 SD; 6-MWD: 6-min walk distance; MMRC scale: Modified Medical Research Council scale (it was available in 116 patients).
aAppendicular skeletal mass was calculated by summing the muscle masses of the four limbs.