Table 2.
Factors associated with sarcopenia using univariate analyses.
| Variables | Unadjusted OR | 95% CI | p Value |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age group (years) | |||
| <65 | 1 | — | — |
| 65–74 | 1.2 | (0.3, 4.6) | 0.8 |
| ≥75 | 5.3 | (1.6, 17.7) | <0.05 |
| Severity of COPD | |||
| Mild | 1 | — | — |
| Moderate | 3.3 | (0.9, 12.2) | 0.07 |
| Severe | 5.7 | (1.3, 25.3) | <0.05 |
| MMRC scale | 1.9 | (1.3, 2.8) | <0.05 |
| Comorbid diseases | |||
| Diabetes mellitus | 1.1 | (0.3, 4.2) | 0.9 |
| Hypertension | 1.2 | (0.5, 2.8) | 0.7 |
| Dyslipidemia | 0.8 | (0.2, 3.9) | 0.8 |
| Chronic arthritis | 1 (omitted) | ||
| Cancer | 1.6 | (0.3, 9.4) | 0.6 |
| Regular medication uses | |||
| Inhaled corticosteroid | 0.9 | (0.2, 4.9) | 0.9 |
| Systemic steroid | 3.3 | (0.2, 53.7) | 0.4 |
| Oral hypoglycemic drugs | 0.5 | (0.1, 4.4) | 0.5 |
| Statin | 1.5 | (0.4, 5.2) | 0.6 |
| NSAIDs | 1 (omitted) | ||
| History of falls at least 2 times over the past 12 months | 1.6 | (0.1, 18.4) | 0.7 |
| Barthel scores | 1 (omitted) | ||
| Chula IADLs scores | 1 (omitted) | ||
| Nonelective admission over the past 12 months | 2.0 | (1.1, 3.7) | <0.05 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | |||
| Underweight | 1 | ||
| Normal and over weight | 0.3 | (0.1, 0.8) | <0.05 |
| Obesity | 0.02 | (002, 0.2) | <0.05 |
| MAP (mmHg) | 0.9 | (0.9, 0.9) | <0.05 |
| Osteoporosis | 1.8 | (0.8, 4.3) | 0.2 |
COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; OR: odds ratio; CI: confidence interval; BMI: body mass index; MAP: mean arterial blood pressure; osteoporosis: defined when T-score of femoral neck or lumbar spine ≤−2.5 standard deviation; MMRC scale: Modified Medical Research Council scale; NSAIDs: nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; IADL: instrumental activities of daily living.