Table 1.
Examples of different combinations between biorecognition elements and transducers to obtain biosensors for bacterial detection.
| Transducer | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Optical | Mechanical | Electrochemical | ||
| Adhesin (Ad) or None | --- | Ad + Nanowires [18] | --- | |
| Bioreceptor | Enzyme (Ez) | (i) Ez NP + colorimetric [43] (ii) Bacteria-specific Ez + colorimetric [44] |
--- | Ez NP + DPV [45] |
| Antibody (Ab) | (i) Ab + MNP + SPR [46] (ii) Ab + SPR [47] |
(i) Ab + QCM [48] (ii) Ab + nanobeads + QCM [49] (iii) Au NP + Ab + QCM [50,51] (iv) Ab + cantilever [52] (v) Ab + PEMC [53] |
(i) Ab + amperometric [54,55] (ii) Ab+ impedimetric [14,56,57,58,59,60] (iii) Ab MNP + DPV [61] (iv) Ab Mbeads + amperometric [54,55,62] |
|
|
DNA/RNA/ Aptamer (Ap)/Aptazyme (Apz) |
(i) Ap + colorimetric [63,64] (ii) Ap + LSPR [65] (iii) Apz + Mbeads + colorimetric [66] |
(i) thssDNA + QCM [67] (ii) ssDNA + cantilever [68] |
(i) Ap + potentiometric [69,70] (ii) Ap + impedimetric [71] |
|
| Lectin (L) | L + SPR [72] | L + piezoelectric [73,74] | L + impedimetric [75,76,77] | |
| Phage (Ph) | (i) Ph + SPR [78,79] (ii) Ph + MES + colorimetric [80] (iii) Ph + Mbeads + colorimetric [81] |
(i) Ph + QCM [82] (ii) Ph + MES [83,84,85,86] |
(i) Ph + amperometric [87] (ii) Ph + impedimetric [57,88,89,90] |
|
| AMP | AMP + fluorescence spectroscopy [91,92,93,94] | AMP + QCM [95,96] |
AMP + impedimetric [95,97,98,99,100,101,102,103,104,105] | |
MES: magnetoelastic sensor; NP: nanoparticle; MNP: magnetic NP; SPR: surface plasmon resonance; LSPR: Localized SPR; QCM: quartz crystal micro-balance; AMP: antimicrobial peptide; PEMC: piezoelectric-excited millimeter-size cantilever; DPV: differential pulse voltammetry; Mbeads: magnetic beads; thssDNA: thiolated single-stranded DNA; ssDNA: single-stranded DNA.