| GF | Germ-free |
| SPF | Conventional specific pathogen-free |
| TRAP-5b | Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-5b |
| IGF-1 | Insulin-like growth factor-1 |
| Mmp-2 | Matrix metalloproteinase-2 |
| Ocn | Osteocalcin |
| Alp | Alkaline phosphatase |
| Mmp-9 | Matrix metalloproteinase-9 |
| Foxg1 | Forkhead box g1 |
| Ar | Androgen receptor |
| Gata3 | Gata-binding protein 3 |
| PCR | Polymerase chain reaction |
| Micro-CT | micro-computed tomography |
| ELISA | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay |
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