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Adopted capillary electrophoresis (CE)-capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (C4D) conditions.
| Background electrolyte | 400 mmol L−1 malic acid |
| Applied voltage | 25 kV (normal polarity) |
| Capillary temperature | 24 °C |
| Capillary | Bare fused silica (50 µm i.d. × 87 cm length) |
| Injection time | 5 s |
| C4D parameters | Amplitude, 50 V; frequency, 600 kHz |
