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. 2018 Jul 18;23(7):1765. doi: 10.3390/molecules23071765

Table 4.

The flavonoids extracted from natural sources using ILs or IL solutions by different extraction techniques.

Compounds Types of ILs Methods of Extraction Sources References
rutin (1) SilprBImCl, [Bmim]Br, [C4mim]Br, [Bmim]BF4[Hmim]Br, [Hmim]BF, SPE, MAE, UMAE Artemisia capillaris Thunb, Saururus chinensis (Lour.) Bail., Xanthium sibiricum Patr., Tamarix Chinensis Lour. [54,55,56,59,60,61,62]
baicalein-7-O-glucoside (24), baicalein-7-O-diglucoside (25) [C4mim][PF6] aqueous two-phase system Veratrum stenophyllum Diels [59]
quercetin (2) SilprBImCl, SilprImNH2, SilprPy, SilmPS, SiImBr, [C4mim]Br, [Bmim] Br, [Hmim] Br, [BPy]Br [HO3S(CH2)4mim]-HSO4 MDSPE, UMAE, MAE Artemisia capillaris Thunb, Xanthium sibiricum Patr, Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem., Ginkgo bilobe L. [54,63,64,65]
kaempferol-3-O-β-D-glucoside (5) Mim, [Bmim] Br, [Hmim] Br, [BPy]Br, [HO3S(CH2)4mim]HSO4 MAE Hippophae rhamnoides L., Toona sinensis (A. Juss.) Roem, Ginkgo bilobe L. [64,65]
isorhamnetin (22) [HO3S(CH2)4mim]HSO4 MAE, Ginkgo biloba L. [65]
hesperidin (3), hyperoside (4) [C6mim][BF4] MAE Sorbus tianschanica Rupr. [66]
orientin (6), vitexin (7), genistin (8), isovitexin (9), luteolin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranosyl-8-C-a-L-arabinopyranoside (10), luteolin-6-O-α-L-arabinopyranosyl-8-O-α-D-glucopyranoside (11), apigenin-6,8-di-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside (12), apigenin-8-O-α-L-arabinoside (13) [C4MIM]Br, [C6MIM]Br, [C8mim]Br MAE, cavitation-assisted extraction Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp., Glycine max (L.) Merr. [67,68,69]
ononin (14), daidzin (15), biochanin A (16), formononetin (17), puerarin (18), genistein (19), daidzein (20) BMImBF4, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, [Bmim][PF6], [Hmim][PF6], [Omim][PF6], [Bmim][NTf2], [C6min]Br, [C8mim]Br MAE, liquid−liquid extraction, UAE, cavitation-assisted extraction Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi, Glycine max (L.) Merr., Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp. [68,69,70,71,72]
glycitein (42) [BMIm][PF6], [HMIm][PF6], [OMIm][PF6], [BMIm][NTf2], liquid−liquid extraction Glycine max (L.) Merr. [72]
fisetin (21), kaempferide (23) [C4mim][PF6], [C6mim][PF6], [C8mim][PF6], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide three phase micro extraction, MAE Rheum officinale Baill., Coptis chinensis Franch., Pueraria lobata (Willd.) Ohwi [71,73]
pelargonin (26), cyanidin (27), peonidin (28), petunidin (29), malvidin (30) [C2mim]OAc aqueous two-phase systems Vitis vinifera L. [74]
luteolin (31), apigenin (32) [Bmim][MS], [C12mim]Br, [C8mim]Br UAE, cavitation-assisted extraction Apium graveliens L., Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat, Cajanus cajan L. Millsp [58,69,75]
kaempferide (53), acacetin (54) [C12mim]Br UAE Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. [75]
tectorigenin (33), iristectorigenin A (34), irigenin (35), irisflorentin (36) [Emim][BF4] UAE Belamcanda chinensis (L.) Redouté [76]
myricetin (37), amentoflavone (38) 1-oxyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide, [Emim][Cl], [Bmim][Cl], [Hmim][Cl], [Omim][Cl], [Dmim]Br, 1-bromodecane, 1-vinylimidazole MPDE, SPE, UAE, SPE Chamaecyparis obtuse (Sieb.et Zucc) Endl [77,78,79,80]
dihydrokaempferol (60) [Dmim]Br UAE Chamaecyparis obtuse (Sieb.et Zucc) Endl [79]
catechin (39), epigallocatechin (40), epigallocatechin gallate (41) [C2mim][Br] heat extraction Elaeis guineensis Jacq. [81]
rhodiosin (43), rhodionin (44), herbacetin (45) [BMIM]Cl, EMIMB aqueous two-phase systems, UAE Rhodiola rosea L. [82,83]
baicalin (46), wogonoside (47) [C4mim][PF6] aqueous two-phase systems Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi [84]
quercitrin (48) molecularly imprinted anion-functionalized poly(ionic liquid)s, [Emim][Cl], [Bmim][Cl], [Hmim][Cl], [Omim][Cl], [DMIM]Br, 1-bromodecane, 1-vinylimidazole MPDE, SPE Chamaecyparis obtuse (Sieb.et Zucc)Endl [78,79,80,85]
herbacetin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (49), kaempferol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-7-O-α-l-rhamn-opyranoside (50), kaempferol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside-(2→1)-α-d-xylopyranoside (51), herbacetin-8-O-β-d–glucopyranoside (52) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazoliumbromide SPE Rhodiola rosea L. [86]
baicalein (55), wogonin (56) [C8mim]Br UAE Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi. [87]
procyanidin(57), anthocyanin-3-O-acetylmonoglucosides (58), anthocyanin-3-(6-O-p-coumaroyl)monoglucosides (59) [C4mim][Br], [C2mim][Br], [mim][HSO4], [sC4mim][HSO4] liquid−liquid extraction Vitis vinifera L. [88]
neohesperidin (61), naringin (62) [Bmim]BF4, [Ch][Bic] SPE, liquid−liquid extraction Vaccinium Spp [89]
hyperin (63) [C4mim]BF4 MAE Populus euphratica Oliv. [90]
kaempferol-3,4′-di-O-β-D-glucoside (64), kaempferol-3-O-β-D-(2-O-β-D-glucosyl)-glucopyranoside (65) [E mim][Cl], [Pr mim ][Cl], [B mim][Cl], [C5 mim][Cl], [E mim ][Br], [Pr mim][Br], [B mim][Br], [C5 mim ][Br], [EMIM][BF4], [Pr mim][BF4], [B mim ][BF4] and [C5mim][BF4] aqueous two-phase systems Brassica napus L. [91]