Table 5.
The alkaloids extracted from natural sources using ILs or IL solutions by different extraction techniques.
| Compounds | Types of ILs | Methods of Extraction | Sources | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| sinomenine (66) | [C2OHmim]FeCl4 | UAE | Adenia chevalieri Gagnep | [99] |
| anisodamine (85), atropine (86), scopolamine (87), aposcopolamine (88), scopoline (89) | [C3tr][PF6] | maceration | Physochlainae infundibularis Kuang (Solanaceae) | [100] |
| protopine (67), allocryptopine (68), sanguinarine (69), chelerythrine (70), dihydrochelerythrine (71), dihydrosanguinarine (72) | [C6mim][BF4], [K][PF6], 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate | UAE, IAE | Macleaya cordata (Willd.) R. Br., Dicranostigma leptopodum (Maxim.) Fedde | [102,103] |
| quinine (96), cinchonidine (97), lycorine chloride (112) | [C4MIM]Cl | IAE | (Howard) Moens ex Trim. | [103] |
| aconitine (73), mesaconitine (74), hypaconitine (75) | 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate | UAE | Aconitum carmic-haeli Debx. | [104] |
| coptisine (76), palmatine (77), berberine (78), boldine (79), chelidonine (80), papaverine (81), emetine (82), columbamine (83), magnoflorine (84) | 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazole tetrafluoroborate, 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide | IAE, UAE | Coptis chinensis Franch., Dicranostigma leptopodum (Maxim.) Fedde, Phellodendron amurense Rupr. | [99,105] |
| jatrorrhizine (123) | 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide | UAE | Phellodendron amurense Rupr | [105] |
| theobromine (90), theophylline (91) | 1-methylimidazole based IL | SPE | Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Ktze. | [106] |
| pronuciferine (92), N-nornuciferine (93), nuciferine (94), roemerine (95) | [C4mim][BF4] | aqueous two-phase system | Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn | [107] |
| galantamine (98), narwedine (99), N-desmethylgalantamine (100), ungiminorine (101) | [C4C1im]Cl | SPE | Leucojum aestivum L. (Amaryllidaceae) | [108] |
| brucine (102), cinchonine (103), glaucine (104), codeine (105), laudanosine (106), noscapine (107) | 1-butyl-2,3-dimethylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate, [C4C1im][Ace] | IAE, maceration | Glaucium flavum Cr. | [103,109] |
| liensinine (108), isoliensinine (109), romerine (110), neferine (111) | [C4mim][PF6] | aqueous two-phase systems | Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn | [110] |
| rhynchophylline (113), pteropodine (114), isomitraphylline (115), isopteropodine (116) | Bmim | MAE | Ranunculus ternatus Thunb. | [111] |
| benzoylmesaconine (117), benzoylaconine (118), benzoylhypaconine (119), mesaconitine (120), hypaconitine (121), aconitine (122) | [C6mim]Br | aqueous two-phase system | Aconitum carmichaeli Debx | [112] |
| matrine (124), oxymatrine (125) | silica-confined ionic liquids | SPE | Sophora flavescens Ait | [113] |
| vinblastine (126), catharanthine (127), vindoline (128) | [Amim]Br | UAE | Catharanthus roseus | [114] |
| bilobalide (129) | [C4mim]Cl | maceration | Ginkgo biloba L. | [115] |