Table 1.
Examples of pharmaceutical analysis in RP-HPLC using ethanol-based mobile phases.
| Compounds | Matrix | Column | Mobile Phase | Flow Rate (mL/min) | Temperature (°C) | Detection | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Prednisolone | Tablets | Phenomenex C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | EtOH/water (30:70, v/v) | 0.8 | 50 | UV (254 nm) | [38] |
| Diltiazem | Topical formulations | C18 column (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | EtOH/H3PO4 (pH 2.5) (35:65, v/v) | 2 | 50 | UV (240 nm) | [39] |
| Permethrin isomers | Pharmaceutical formulations (cream) | C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | EtOH/H3PO4 (pH 3.0) (67:33, v/v) | 1 | 30 | UV (215 nm) | [40] |
| Ampicilline sodium | Powder for injection solution | Zorbax C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | EtOH/water (40:60, v/v) | 0.5 | 25 | UV (210 nm) | [41] |
| Statins: pravastatin; fluvastatin; atorvastatin | Pharmaceutical hydro-alcoholic solutions | ODS-AQ YMC C18 (50 × 4.6 mm, 3 µm) | EtOH/25 mM formic acid (pH 2.5) (50:50, v/v) | 1.0 | 40 | UV (238 nm) | [42] |
| Daptomicin | Lyophilized powder | Zorbax C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | EtOH/water (55:45, v/v) pH 4.5 with glacial acetic acid | 0.6 | 25 | UV (221 nm) | [43] |
| Dextromethorphan and its impurities | Pharmaceutical products | Acquity BEH C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) | Gradient elution of EtOH/10 mM ammonium formate buffer (pH 4.7) | 0.23 | 38 | UV (280 nm) | [44] |
| Mebeverine hydrochloride/sulpiride | Coformulated pharmaceuticals | Zorbax SBC18 (75 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) | EtOH/water (94.5:5.5, v/v) | 0.8 | room temperature | UV (220 nm) | [45] |
| Chlorphenoxamine hydrochloride/caffeine/chlorotheophylline | Coformulated pharmaceuticals | Polaris SI (50 × 4.6 mm, 3 µm) | EtOH (100%) | 0.4 | room temperature | UV (220.4 nm, 270.4 nm, and 276.4 nm) | [45] |
| Clidinium bromide/chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride; phenobarbitone/pipenzolate bromide | Coformulated pharmaceuticals | Zorbax SBC18 (75 × 4.6 mm, 3.5 µm) | EtOH/water (50:50, v/v) | 0.5 | room temperature | UV (210 nm and 220 nm) | [45] |
| Telmisartan; hydrochlorothiazide; amlodipine besylate | Tablets | Intersil ODS-3 C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | EtOH/20 mM phosphate buffer (pH 7) (70:30, v/v) | 0.7 | 25 | UV (240 nm) | [46] |
| Phenylephrine; Paracetamol; Guaifenesin | Tablets | Onyx Monolithic C18 (100 × 4.6 mm) | Gradient elution of EtOH/phosphate buffer (pH 7) | 2 | Room temperature | UV (220 nm) | [47] |
| Cefepime hydrochloride | Lyophilized powder for solution for injection | Luna C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | EtOH/water (55:45, v/v) | 0.5 | UV (258 nm) | [48] | |
| Lansoprazole enantiomers | Stainless-steel Chiralpak IC-3 (100 × 4.6 mm) | EtOH/water (50:50, v/v) | 1.0 | 40 | UV (210 nm and 280 nm) | [49] | |
| Dapsone | Pharmaceutical preparations | C18 | EtOH/formic acid (pH 3) (10:90, v/v) | UV detection | [50] | ||
| Caffeic acid | Pharmaceutical products | RP18 XDB Waters (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | EtOH/acetic acid (pH 2.5) (40:60, v/v) | 0.7 | 25 | UV (325 nm) | [51] |
| Ertapenem sodium | Powder for injection solution | Zorbax Bonus-RP (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) | EtOH/0.1% formic acid (20:80, v/v) | 1.0 | UV (297 nm) | [52] | |
| Rifaximin | Tablets | Eclipse Plus C18 (150 × 4.6 mm) | EtOH/0.1% glacial acetic acid (52:48, v/v) | UV (290 nm) | [53] | ||
| 16 active pharmaceutical ingredients | Xbridge BEH Shield RP18 (50 × 4.6 mm, 2.5 µm) | Gradient elution of EtOH/20 mM acetate buffer (pH 4.85) | 0.8 | 33.7 | UV (210 nm) | [54] | |
| Quetiapine | Rat plasma | Acquity BEH C18 (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) | EtOH/water/formic acid (80:20:0.1, v/v/v) | 0.3 | 40 | MS/MS detection | [55] |
| Capecitabine | Human plasma | C18 RP column | EtOH/formic acid (pH 3) (55:45, v/v) | 1.0 | 50 | UV (310 nm) | [56] |