Table 2.
Some recent applications of MLC in pharmaceutical analysis.
| Compounds | Matrix | Column | Mobile Phase | Temperature (°C) | Detection | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Seven tricyclic antidepressants | Pharmaceutical formulations | Zorbax C18 (150 × 4.6 mm) |
0.02 M Brij-35 with citric buffer, pH 3.0 1 mL/min |
25 | UV (254 nm) | [92] |
| Six β-blockers | Zorbax Eclipse C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
0.02 M Brij-35 and 0.15 M SDS with 0.01 M NaH2PO4 and HCl, pH 3.0 1 mL/min |
25 | UV (225 nm) | [93] | |
| Seven tricyclic antidepressants | Zorbax Eclipse C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
0.02 M Brij-35 with 0.01 M NaH2PO4 and HCl, pH 3.0 1 mL/min |
25 | UV (254 nm) | [93] | |
| Free ampicillin | Standard solutions of human serum albumin | RP-8 endcapped column (125 × 4.0 mm, 5 μm) |
0.06 M CTAB + 20% ACN (v/v), pH 7.4 1 mL/min |
20 | UV (254 nm) | [94] |
| Nelfinavir mesylate | Tablets | Licrosphere c18 | 0.5 M Tween-20 + 2% n-butanol (v/v) with H3PO4, pH 4.2 1.5 mL/min |
25 | UV (249 nm) | [95] |
| Piroxicam, tenoxicam, and lornoxicam | Gel and suppositories | C8 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) |
0.15 M SDS + 10% n-propanol (v/v) with 0.3% TEA and 0.02 M H3PO4, pH 3.0 | Time-programmed UV detection | [96] | |
| Citalopram, paroxetine, and fluoxetine | Plasma and urine | Kromasil C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
0.075 M SDS + 6% n-butanol (v/v) with 0.01 M NaH2PO4, pH 7.0 1 mL/min |
25 | Fluorescence detection program | [97] |
| Sildenafil citrate | Oral suspensions and tablets | ACE 5 C18–AR column (50 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) |
0.0082 M SDS with acetate buffer, pH 4.0 0.5 mL/min |
room temperature | UV (298 nm) | [98] |
| Abacavir, lamivudine, and raltegravir | Human plasma | Kromasil C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
0.05 M SDS, pH 7.0 1 mL/min |
room temperature | UV (260 nm) | [99] |
| Nicotine | Pharmaceutical formulations and biological fluid | Kromasil C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) |
0.15 M SDS + 6% n-pentanol (v/v) with 0.01 M NaH2PO4 and 0.001 M KCl, pH 6.0 | Electrochemical detector (0.8 V) UV (259 nm) | [100] | |
| Tamoxifen | Plasma of breast cancer patients | Kromasil 5 C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) |
0.15 M SDS + 7% n-butanol (v/v), pH 3.0 1.5 mL/min |
40 | Fluorescence (260 nm/380 nm) | [101] |
| Penicillin antibiotics (amoxicillin, ampicillin, cloxacillin, and dicloxacillin) | Pharmaceutical formulations and physiological fluids (urine) | Zorbax C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) |
0.11 M SDS + 6% n-propanol (v/v) with 0.01 M NaH2PO4, pH 3.0 1 mL/min |
25 | UV (210 nm) | [102] |
| Tamoxifen and endoxifen | Plasma samples from breast cancer patients | Kromasil C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5µm) |
0.15 M SDS + 7% n-butanol (v/v), pH 3.0 1.5 mL/min |
40 | Fluorescence (260 nm/380 nm) | [103] |
| Morphine, codeine, papaverine, and noscapine | Pharmaceutical solution for injection | Kromasil C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
0.10 M SDS + 5% n-butanol (v/v) with H3PO4, pH 2.5 1 mL/min |
40 | UV (280 nm) | [104] |
| Derivatives of zidovudine | Simulated gastric and intestinal fluids | Phenomenex Synergi Fusion-RP 80 (250 × 4.6 mm, 4 μm) |
0.05 M SDS + 1% n-butanol (v/v) with 0.01 M NaH2PO4, pH 3.0 1 mL/min |
30 | UV (267 nm) | [105] |
| Lamivudine and its carbonate derivatives | Simulated gastric and intestinal fluids | Kromasil C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
0.15 M SDS + 4% n-butanol (v/v) with 0.01 M KH2PO4-Na2HPO4, pH 7.0 1 mL/min |
30 | UV (272 nm) | [106] |
| Flavoxate hcl | Tablets | BDS Hypersil phenyl (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) |
0.15 M SDS + 15% n-propanol (v/v) with 0.3% TEA and 0.02 M H3PO4, pH 2.5 1 mL/min |
UV (325 nm) | [107] | |
| Diltiazem hydrochloride, metoprolol tartrate, and isosorbide mononitrate | Human serum | Pinnacle II Cyano column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) |
0.0415 M SDS + 10% n-propanol (v/v) with 0.02 M NaH2PO4, pH 7.0 0.8 mL/min |
40 | UV (225 nm) | [108] |
| Tizoxanide | Human urine and plasma | Chromolith® C18 (100 × 4.6 mm) |
0.1 M SDS + 8% n-propanol (v/v) with 0.3% TEA and 0.02 M H3PO4, pH 4.0 1.0 mL/min |
25 | UV (240 nm) | [109] |
| β-blockers (acebutolol, atenolol, carteolol, labetolol, metoprolol, and propranolol , celiprolol, and oxprenolol) | Urine samples | Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C8 and Zorbax Eclipse XDB-C18 (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 µm) |
Gradient mode: 0.10 M SDS + n-propanol (from 0 to 30% (v/v) in 15 min) 1 mL/min |
25 | UV (225 nm) | [110] |
| Felodipine | Tablets and human plasma | Shim-pack CLC-C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
0.085 M SDS + 6.5% n-pentanol (v/v) with 0.025 M phosphate buffer, pH 7.0 1.5 mL/min |
30 | Fluorescence (240 nm/440 nm) | [111] |
| Darunavir, ritonavir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir | Human plasma | Kromasil C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
0.06 M SDS + 2.5% n-pentanol (v/v), pH 7.0 1 mL/min |
room temperature | UV (214 nm) | [112] |
| Ascorbic acid, pseudoephedrine hydrochloride, and ibuprofen | Tablets | ODS C18 stainless steel (150 × 4.6 mm) |
0.03 M SDS + 8% 1-propanol (v/v) with 0.3% TEA and 0.02 M H3PO4, pH 3.0 1 mL/min |
UV (260 nm) | [113] | |
| Ofloxacin and flavoxate | Pharmaceutical formulations | BDS Hypersil phenyl (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
0.15 M SDS + 15% n-propanol (v/v) with 0.3% TEA and 0.02 M H3PO4, pH 2.5 1 mL/min |
UV (325 nm) and fluorescence (290 nm/485 nm) | [114] | |
| Tamoxifen and its main metabolites | Plasma samples from breast cancer patients | C18 column | 0.08 M SDS + 4.5% n-butanol (v/v), pH 3.0 1.5 mL/min |
40 | Fluorescence (260 nm/380 nm) | [115] |
| Enalapril maleate, lisinopril dihydrate, benazepril hydrochloride, and hydrochloro-thiazide | Tablets | C18 silica column | 0.012 M SDS + 10% n-propanol (v/v) with 0.3%TEA and 0.02 M H3PO4, pH 3.6 | UV (210 nm) | [116] | |
| Esomeprazole, leflunomide, and ibuprofen | Human plasma and tablets | Shim-pack VP-ODS stainless steel column (150 × 4.6 mm) |
0.1 M SDS + 10% n-propanol (v/v) with 0.3% TEA and 0.02 M H3PO4, pH 3.5 1 mL/min |
UV (285 nm) | [117] | |
| Axitinib, lapatinib, and afatinib | Plasma | Kromasil C18 column (150 × 4.6 mm, 5 μm) |
0.07 M SDS + 6.0% n-pentanol (v/v) with 0.01 M phosphate salt, pH 7.0 |
UV (260 nm) | [118] |
ACN, acetonitrile; CTAB, cetyltrimethylammonium bromide; SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate; TEA, triethylamine.