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. 2018 Jun 23;23(7):1519. doi: 10.3390/molecules23071519

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Signaling pathways involved in DR. eNOS, Endothelial nitric oxide synthase; ET-1, Endothelin-1; VEGF, Vascular endothelial growth factor; TGF-β1, Transforming growth factor beta; PAI-1, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; IL- Interleukin; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor alpha; VACM-1, Vascular cell adhesion molecules-1; DAG, Diacylglycerol; PKC, Protein kinase C; NF-κB, Nuclear factor kappa; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; RAGE; Receptor for AGE; CDC42, Cell division control protein 42; UDP-GlcNAC, Uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine; AR, Aldose reductase; TCA, Tricarboxylic acid; STAT1, Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1; IRF-1; Interferon regulated factor 1; PARP; Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase; GLUT, Glucose transporter; RAS, Renin-angiotensin system.