Table 1.

Phytochemicals in diabetic retinopathy.

Sr. No	Plant Name	Active Constituent	Traditional Use	Family	Class	Pharmacological Target	Pharmacological Activity	Reference
1	Abeliophyllum distichum	Acteoside		Oleaceae	Phenolic	Aldose reductase	Anti-hypertensive Anti-diabetic Anti-inflammatory Anti-cancer	[23]
2	Aegle marmelos	Cinnamic acid	Diabetes mellitus Ulcer Beriberi Cholera Ophthalmia	Rutaceae	Phenolic acid	Aldose reductase	Anti-inflammatory Analgesic Anti-pyretic Anti-hyperglycemic Anti-diarrheal Anti-microfilarial	[24]
3	Agrimonia pilosa ledeb	Agrimoniin	Abdominal pain Heat stroke Headache Sore throat	Rosaceae	Phenolic	Aldose reductase PPAR-γ Glucose transporter type 4	Anti-cancer Anti-oxidant Anti-allergy Anti-inflammatory Anti-nociception	[26]
4	Alpinia zerumbet	Labdadiene	Anti-inflammatory Ati-fungal Anti-bacterial	Zingiberaceae	Triterpenoid	AGE	Anti-hypertensive Anti-ulcerogenic Diuretic Sedative	[74]
5	Andrographis paniculata	Andrographolide	Cooling effect Detoxification Sore throat Respiratory tract infection	Acanthaceae	Diterpenoid	TNF-α IL-1β IL-6 NF-κB PAI-1 EGR1	Hepatoprotective Anti-oxidant Anti-hyperglycemic Anti-cancer Anti-platelet aggregation	[75]
6	Aster Koraiensis	Chlorogenic acid 3,5,di-caffeoylquinic acid	Diabetes Pertussis Chronic bronchitis Pneumonia	Asteraceae	Phenolic acid	AGE NF-κB	Anti-diabetic Anti-apoptosis	[27]
7	Astragalus membranaceous	Astragaloside IV	Stomach ulcer Diabetes Diuretics Tonic Fever	Leguminosae	Triterpenoid	NF-κB VEGF TNF-α IL-1 IL-4 IL-5 IL-10 IL-6 MMPs IL-1β iNOS TGF-β	Immunomodulatory Anti-apoptosis Anti-inflammatory	[76]
8	Camellia nitidissima		Cancer Diarrhea Sore throat High blood pressure Irregular menstruation	Theaceae	Flavonoids	AGE OS	Anti-oxidant	[33]
9	Carpobrotus edulis	Ellagic acid	Throat infection Tuberculosis Diarrhea Dysentery Mouth ulcer Stomach ailments	Aizoaceae	Phenolic acid	AGE OS GAP VEGF Bax HIF-1α	Anti-bacterial Anti-oxidant Anti-proteus Anti-microbial	[30]
10	Cnidium officinale	Butylidenephthalide	Inflammation High blood pressure Menstrual pain	Umbelliferae	Alkaloid	ERK1/2 AGE/RAGE VEGF DLL4	Larvicidal Acaricidal Anti-hyperglycemic Anti-angiogenic Anti-inflammatory	[84]
11	Cochlospermum religiosum	Isorhamnetin	Sedative Jaundice Gonorrhea Syphilis Stomach ailments	Cochlospermaceae	Flavonoid	RAGE-Src-ERK1/2-FAK-1 paxillin signaling pathway	Anti-oxidant Anti-microbial Immunomodulatory	[28]
12	Dendrobium chrysotoxum	Gigantol Syringic acid	Moisten and nourish skin Longevity Tuberculosis Anorexia Eye sight	Orichidaceae	Phenolic	VEGF MMP2/9 IL-1β, IL-3, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12 IκB ICAM-1	Anti-angiogenesis Anti-inflammatory Anti-oxidant Anti-hyperglycemic Immunomodulatory	[36]
13	Ginkgo biloba		Blood disorders	Ginkgoaceae	Flavonoid	TNF-α VEGF	Anti-angiogenesis Anti-oxidant Anti-inflammatory Neuroprotective Hepatoprotective Anti-stress	[40]
14	Glycyrrhiza uralensi		Hepatitis C Peptic ulcer Diabetes Skin diseases Pulmonary diseases	Fabaceae	Flavonoid	PPAR-γ	Anti-depressant Anti-oxidant Immunomodulatory Hepatoprotective Anti-viral Anti-inflammatory Hepatoprotective Anti-cancer	[41]
15	Juglans regia		Diabetes Inflammation Infection		Flavonoid Phenolic	PARP OS COX-2 Caspase-3	Anti-oxidant Anti-microbial Sedative Anti-hyperglycemic	[42]
16	Litchi chinenesis		Diabetes Obesity Epigastric pain Herniae-like conditions Neuralgic apin	Sapindaceae	Polyphenol	AGE OS	Anti-inflammatory Ant-ioxidant Hepatoprotective	[43]
17	Ligustrum lucidum	Specnuezhenide	Eyesight Dizziness Fever Insomnia Cancer	Oleaceae	Phenolic	HIF-1α VEGF	Anti-angiogenesis Hepatoprotective Anti-diabetic	[44]
18	Lonicerae japonicae	Chlorogenic acid	Inflammation Headache Acute fever Eye sight Heat stroke	Caprifoliaceae	Phenolic	VEGF	anti-angiogenesis anti-nociceptive anti-inflammatory analgesic anti-bacterial	[47]
19	Lycium barbarum	Taurine	Blurry vision Abdominal pain Infertility Dry cough Fatigue Dizziness Headache	Solanceae	Amino acid	Bcl-2 Bax Caspase-3 PPAR VEGF	Anti-apoptosis Anti-angiogenesis Immunomodulator Anti-aging Neuroprotective	[87]
20	Melissa officinalis	Rosmarinic acid	Indigestion Cardiac failure Anemia	Lamiaceae	Phenolic acid	AGE	Anti-angiogenesis Anti-cancer Anti-oxidant Neurotropic Anti-microbial Anti-bacterial	[48]
21	Moringa oleifera		Culinary use Malnutrition	Mornigaceae	Polyphenolic	TNF-α IL-1β VEGF PKC-β	Hypolipidemic Anti-atherosclerosis Hypocholesterolemic Anti-angiogenesis Anti-inflammatory Anti-oxidant	[51]
22	Morus albla		Feedstock for silkworms Constipation Diabetes	Moraceae	Phenolic	PKC OS Caspase-3 VEGF Bax Bcl-2	Anti-apoptosis Anti-angiogenesis Antioxidant Anti-microbial Hypoglycemic hepatoprotective Anti-inflammatory	[53]
23	Origanum majorana L.	Ursolic acid Oleanolic acid	Disinfectant Headache Indigestion Rheumatism Insomnia Diabetes Asthma Cataract Nervousness	Lamiaceae	Triterpenoid	AGE COX-2 MMP-2 OS	Anti-oxidant Anti-hyperglycemic Anti-microbial Anti-proliferative Anti-cholinesterase	[79]
24	Osteomeles schwerinae	5′-methoxybiphenyl-3,4,3′-triol	Diarrhea Sore throat Arthritis Dysentery	Rosaceae	Phenolic	Aldose reductase VEGF FGF-2 IGFBPS PAI-1	Anti-diabetic Anti-angiogenesis Anti-oxidant	[33]
25	Paenonia lactiflora	Aminoguanidine	Rheumatoid arthritis Systemic lupus erythematous Fever Spasm Muscles cramping Dysmenorrhea	Paeoniaceae		TLR4 MMP-9 NF-κB	Anti-inflammatory Anti-oxidant Anti-thrombosis	[88]
26	Panax quinquefolius	Ginsenoside-Rb1	Aphrodisiac Restorative Nootropic Antiaging Tonic	Araliaceae	Steroid glycoside	VEGF TNF-α	Antioxidant Anti-angiogenesis Antidiabetic Anti-coagulant	[81]
27	Perilla frutescens	Rosmarinic acid	Cough Bacterial infection Fungal infection Allergy Tumor Intestinal disorder	Lamiaceae	Phenolic acid	p21WAF1	Anti-angiogenesis Anticancer Anti-inflammatory Anti-allergy Anti-depressant Anti-allergy	[54]
28	Platycodon grandiflorum	Luteolin	Cough Inflammation Fever	Cmpanulaceae	Flavonoid	Aldose reductase	Anti-oxidant Anti-cancer Hepatoprotective Anti-hyperlipidemia	[56]
29	Polygonatum odoratum		Diabetes	Liliaceae	Flavonoid	AGE	Antihyperglycemic Antioxidant	[57]
30	Polygonum cuspidatum	Polydatin Resveratrol Emodin glucopyranoside Emodin	Allergy Diabetes	Polygonaceae	Phenol	HMGB1 AGE NF-κB IL-4 PPAR-α/-β	Anti-AGE formation Anti-inflammatory Anti-oxidant Anti-bacterial Anti-apoptosis	[57]
31	Polygonum multiflorum		Anti-aging Tonic	Polygonaceae	Phenolic Flavonoid	AGE	Neuroprotective Anti-oxidant Myocardial protective Anti-inflammatory	[60]
32	Prunella vulgaris		Headache Goiter Cancer High blood pressure Lymphatic system disorder	Lamiaceae	Phenolic Flavonoid	Aldose reductase AGE OS	Anti-oxidant Immunostimulatory Anti-HIV Anti-allergy Anti-inflammatory	[61]
33	Pueraria lobata	Puerarin	Neuro-protective Hepato-protective Analgesic inflammation Fever	Fabaceae	Flavone	iNOS IL-1β ICAM HIF-1α VEGF Bax Caspase-3 TNF-α ERK p38 MAPK	Anti-apoptosis Anti-angiogenesis Antioxidant Vasodilatory Neuroprotective Hepatoprotective Anti-pyretic Analgesic Anti-inflammatory	[64]
34	Salvia miltiorrhiza		Coronary heart disease Cerebrovascular	Labiatae	Phenolic	Lp-PLA2 IL-1 IL-6	Antihyperglycemic Anti-arrhythmic Anti-pulmonary fibrosis Anti-inflammatory	[68]
35	Scutellaria barbata		Toxicity Heat relief Blood circulation promoter Pain and swelling	Lamiaceae		TNF-α IL-1β ICAM NF-κB	Anti-cancer Anti-leukemic	[90]
36	Stauntonia hexaphylla		Sedative Analgesic Diuretic	Lardizabalaceae	Flavonoid and phenolic	Aldose reductase	Anti-inflammatory Anti-HIV	[69]
37	Tephrosia purpurea		Ulcer Asthma Leprosy Cancer	Fabaceae	Flavonoid Phenolic	Aldose reductase	Anti-ulcer Anticarcinogenic Anti-lipidperoxidative Immunomodulator Anti-cancer	[70]
38	Terminalia catappa		Dermatitis Hepatitis Pyresis Diarrhea	Combretaceae	Tannin	LDL HDL	Anti-oxidant Anti-angiogenesis Anti-inflammatory Hepatoprotective Anti-diabetic Anti-bacterial Analgesic	[71]
39	Vitex negundo	Luteolin-7-glucoside	Eczema Ringworm Liver disorder Rheumatic pain Gout vermicide	Verbenaceae	Flavonoid	OS	Anti-oxidant Anti-inflammatory Analgesic Anti-microfilarial	[72]
40	Zea mays	Quercetin Coumaric acid	Diuretic Dysuria vasodilator Menorrhagia Nose bleeds	Poaceae	Flavonoid Phenolic	Aldose reductase OS	Anti-oxidant	[73]
41	Zingiber zerumbet	Zerumbone	Inflammation Toothache Fever Ingestion Diarrhea	Zingiberaceae	Sesquiterpene	NF-κB AGE/RAGE p38 MAPK	Anti-microbial Anti-nociceptive Anti-hyperglycemic Anti-inflammatory Anti-cancer Anti-allergy	[83]