Table 4.

In vitro activity of Urtica spp. against microorganisms.

Urtica spp. Extract	Microorganisms	Location	Reference
U. dioica L. water extract	Escherichia coli Proteus mirabilis Citrobacter koseri Staphylococcus aureus Streptococcus pneumoniae Enterobacter aerogenes Micrococcus luteus Staphylococcus epidermidis Candida albicans	Turkey	[48]
U. dioica L. ethyl acetate extract	Aeromonas hydrophila Salmonella typhi Staphylococcus aureus Bacillus cereus Escherichia coli	Iraq	[28]
U. dioica L. water extract	Salmonella spp. Proteus spp. Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Escherichia coli	Iraq	[50]
U. dioica L. leaves aqueous extract	Escherichia coli Enterococcus gallinarum Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus pyogenes Clavibacter michiganensis Pseudomonas tomato Xanthomonas vesicatoria	Turkey	[51]
U. dioica L. root aqueous extract	Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus pyogenes Klebsiella pneumoniae
U. dioica L. seeds aqueous extract	Enterococcus faecalis
U. dioica L. aqueous extract 0.45 mg/100 mL	Staphylococcus epidermidis 3615 Staphylococcus aureus 740 Escherichia coli 443 Salmonella typhimurium 98 Serratia marcescens 97	India	[56]
U. dioica L. supercritical CO2 extract	Bacillus subtilis Saccharomyces cerevisiae Aspergillus niger Botrytis cinerea Geotrichum candidum	Macedonia	[49]
U. dioica L. ethanol extract	Salmonella spp. Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa	Iraq	[50]
U. dioica L. methanol extract	15 different strains of Staphylococcus aureus MRSA	Iran	[54]
U. dioica L. methanol extract	Shigella dysenteriae Salmonella enteritidis	Iran	[55]
U. dioica L. leaves methanol extract	Escherichia coli Streptococcus pyogenes Listeria monocytogenes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus vulgaris Erwinia carotovora	Turkey	[51]
U. dioica L. root methanol extract	Enterococcus gallinarum Xanthomonas vesicatoria
U. dioica L. seeds methanol extract	Enterococcus gallinarum Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus pyogenes Staphylococcus aureus Listeria monocytogenes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus vulgaris Shigella spp. Bacillus pumilus Clavibacter michiganensis Xanthomonas vesicatoria
U. dioica L. flowers methanol extract	Escherichia coli Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Candida albicans Aspergillus niger	Iran	[52]
U. pilulifera L. leaves aqueous extract	Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus pyogenes	Turkey	[51]
U. pilulifera L. root aqueous extract	Xanthomonas vesicatoria
U. pilulifera L. seeds aqueous extract	Enterococcus faecalis Proteus vulgaris Shigella spp.
U. pilulifera L. leaves methanol extract	Enterococcus gallinarum Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus pyogenes Listeria monocytogenes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae Proteus vulgaris Shigella spp. Bacillus pumilus Clavibacter michiganensis Pseudomonas tomato Erwinia carotovora
U. pilulifera L. roots methanol extract	Enterococcus gallinarum Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus pyogenes Clavibacter michiganensis Pseudomonas tomato Erwinia carotovora
U. pilulifera L. seeds methanol extract	Enterococcus gallinarum Enterococcus faecalis Streptococcus pyogenes Staphylococcus aureus Listeria monocytogenes Pseudomonas aeruginosa Proteus vulgaris Shigella spp. Bacillus pumilus Clavibacter michiganensis
U. urens L. ethanol extract	Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538 Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27893 Bacillus subtilis JN 934392 Salmonella enteritidis Escherichia coli ATCC 25922 Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC 3615 Micrococcus luteus ATCC 4698 Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212	Tunisia	[53]