Table 5.

In vitro activity of Urtica spp. against microorganisms: minimal inhibitory concentrations.

Urtica spp. Extract	Microorganisms	Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)	Location	Reference
U. dioica L. ethanol extract	Bacillus subtilis Escherichia coli (food-origin) Escherichia coli (urine-origin) Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lactobacillus plantarum	36.21 mg/mL 36.21 mg/mL 72.43 mg/mL 72.43 mg/mL 72.43 mg/mL	Serbia	[16]
U. dioica L. hexane extract	Staphylococcus aureus MRSA Bacillus cereus Bacillus spizizenii ATCC 663 Vibrio parahaemolyticus	66.66 mg/mL 16.66 mg/mL 16.66 mg/mL 66.66 mg/mL	Iran	[57]
U. dioica L. chloroform extract	Bacillus cereus Vibrio parahaemolyticus	33.33 mg/mL 4.16 mg/mL
U. dioica L.	Acinetobacter calcoaceticus	33.33 mg/mL
U. dioica L. ethyl acetate extract I	Bacillus spizizenii ATCC 663 Vibrio parahaemolyticus Saccharomyces cerevisiae	8.33 mg/mL 16.66 mg/mL 2.08 mg/mL
U. dioica L. ethyl acetate extract II	Vibrio parahaemolyticus	0.13 mg/mL
U. dioica L. methanol extract	Acinetobacter calcoaceticus	16.66 mg/mL
U. dioica L. butanol extract	Escherichia coli Bacillus subtilis Staphylococcus aureus MRSA	66.66 mg/mL 8.33 mg/mL 16.66 mg/mL
U. dioica L. hexane fraction	Aeromonas hydrophila Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. salmonicida Flavobacterium columnare Vibrio salmonicida Yersinia ruckeri Pseudomonas aeruginosa Staphylococcus aureus Salmonella typhi Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterococcus faecalis	125 µg/mL 125 µg/mL 250 µg/mL 62.5 µg/mL 31.25 µg/mL 250 µg/mL 31.25 µg/mL 7.81 µg/mL 31.25 µg/mL 125 µg/mL	India	[58]
U. dioica L. leaves hexane fraction	Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Salmonella typhi Klebsiella pneumoniae Shigella flexneri	31.25 µg/mL 250 µg/mL 7.81 µg/mL 31.25 µg/mL 125 µg/mL	India	[59]
U dioica L. essential oils hydrodistillation method	Bacillus cereus PTCC1565 Staphylococcus aureus Pseudomonas aeruginosa Klebsiella pneumoniae Enterococcus faecalis PTCC1239 Escherichia coli ATCC1533	1.8 µg/mL 3.75 µg/mL 3.75 µg/mL 3.75 µg/mL 7.5 µg/mL 7.5 µg/mL	Iran	[60]
U. dioica L. ethanol extract	Methicillin-sensitive strains of S. aureus Methicillin-resistant strains of S. aureus	0.188–0.500 mg/mL 0.063–0.500 mg/mL	Portugal	[61]