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. 2018 Aug 20;16:145. doi: 10.1186/s12916-018-1115-6

Table 2.

Suicide mortality rates among Indigenous populations by WHO region and country

WHO Region Country Indigenous peoplesa Population Period Deaths CSIR SSIR
European Region
 Soininen (2008) [14] Finland (Northern region) Sámi 2091 1979–2005 24 50.0 –
 Thorslund (1989) [70] Greenland Kalaallit (Inuit) – 1986 57 129 –
 Bjerregaard (2015) [12] Greenland Kalaallit (Inuit) 57,000 1970–2011 1678 87.7 –
East/north regions Kalaallit (Inuit) – 1970–2011 –307 187.5 –
Nuuk Kalaallit (Inuit) – 1970–2011 –303 86.6 –
Towns in Western region Kalaallit (Inuit) – 1970–2011 –837 81.2 –
Villages in Western region Kalaallit (Inuit) – 1970–2011 –222 61.4 –
 Klomek (2016) [71] Israel Bedouin – 1999–2011 39 4.4 3.2
 Silviken (2009) [11] Norway (Northern region) Sámi 19,801 1970–1998 89 18.9 –
 Sumarokov (2014) [72] Russia (Nenets Autonomous Okrug) Nenets 7504 2002–2012 67 79.8 72.7
 Hassler (2005) [13] Sweden Sámi 41,721 1961–2000 114 11.7 –
Sámi (non-herding) – 1961–2000 76 9.8 –
Sámi (reindeer herding) – 1961–2000 38 19.6 –
Western Pacific Region (Australia)
 Clayer (1991) [73] Australia (South Australia) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander 13,298 1988 14 105.3 –
 Cantor (1997) [74] Australia (Queensland) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander – 1990–1992 – – 17.1
 Stevenson (1998) [34] Australia Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander – 1990–1992 67 – 11.1
 Bramley (2004) [32] Australia Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander – 1999 – – 19.4
 De Leo (2011) [4] Australia (Queensland) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander – 1994–2007 544 – 27.2
 Measey (2006) [41] Australia (Northern Territory) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander – 2002 – – 50.4
 Pridmore (2009) [3] Australia (Northern Territory) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander – 2001–2006 130 – 36.7
 Campbell (2016) [75] Australia (Kimberley) Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander 11,550 2005–2014 102 – 74
Western Pacific Region (Oceania)
 Booth (1999) [33] American Samoa Samoan 54,800 1990–1991 – 18 –
 Hezel (1984) [76] FSM (Chuuk) Chuukese 37,488 1971–1983 129 30 –
 Hezel (1989) [35] Federated States of Micronesia Pacific peoples 142,298 1984–1987 134 25.8 –
Chuuk Chuukese 44,000 1984–1987 51 28.3 –
Kosrae Kosraen 6448 1984–1987 6 25.9 –
Pohnpei Pohnpeian 28,879 1984–1987 18 16.7 –
Yap Yapese 10,139 1984–1987 5 20.2 –
 Booth (1999) [33] Federated States of Micronesia Pacific peoples 105,700 1988–1992 – 31 –
Chuuk Chuukese – 1988–1992 – 35 –
Kosrae Kosraen – 1988–1992 – 48 –
Pohnpei Pohnpeian – 1988–1992 – 20 –
Yap Yapese – 1988–1992 – 48 –
 Ree (1971) [77] Fiji (Macuata) iTaukei 9950 1962–1968 4 5.7 –
 Price (1975) [51] Fiji iTaukei – 1971–1972 6 1.3 –
 Haynes (1984) [78] Fiji (Macuata) iTaukei 8111 1979–1982 2 6.7 –
 Pridmore (1994) [79] Fiji (Western Division) iTaukei – 1986–1992 – 2 –
 Pridmore (1995) [80] Fiji iTaukei – 1969–1989 – 3.6 –
 Booth (1999) [33] Fiji iTaukei – 1982–1983 – 3 3
 Booth (1999) [33] French Polynesia Polynesian 218,000 1988–1992 – 9 9
 Booth (2010) [81] Guam Chamorro – 1998–2000 – 21 –
 Hezel (1989) [35] Marshall Islands Marshallese 39,060 1984–1987 39 26.5 –
 Booth (1999) [33] Marshall Islands Marshallese 54,700 1988–1992 – 26 –
 Langley (1990) [82] Aotearoa/New Zealand Māori – 1984 22 – 8
 Langley (2000) [83] Aotearoa/New Zealand Māori – 1985–1994 271 8.8 –
 Bramley (2004) [32] Aotearoa/New Zealand Māori – 1999 – – 12.9
 Hezel (1989) [35] Palau Palauan 13,772 1984–1987 15 28.8 –
 Booth (1999) [33] Palau Palauan 16,500 1988–1992 – 29 –
 Parker (1966) [84] Papua New Guinea Pacific peoples – 1961–1965 41 0.7 –
 Smith (1981) [50] Papua New Guinea (Southern Highlands) Huli 50,000 1971–1976 26 17 –
 Booth (1999) [33] Papua New Guinea Pacific peoples 4,216,100 1990 – < 1 –
 Booth (1999) [33] Samoa Samoan 163,400 1981 – 31 34
 Pridmore (1997) [49] Solomon Islands (Honiara area) Pacific peoples 75,000 1989–1993 13 3.9 –
 Vivili (1999) [85] Tonga Tongan 98,200 1982–1997 43 2.9 –
 Booth (1999) [33] Vanuatu ni-Vanuatu 164,100 1990–1992 – 3 –
 De Leo (2013) [86] Vanuatu ni-Vanuatu 245,619 2010 2 0.8 –
Western Pacific Region (East Asia)
 Telisinghe (2014) [40] Brunei Darussalam Indigenous peoples (7 tribes)b 14,000 1991–2010 4 1.7 –
 Wang (1997) [87] China (Hohhot, Inner Mongolia) Meng 27,000 1986–1991 – 2.4 –
Hui 21,600 1986–1991 – 1.2 –
 Lu (2013) [44] China (Yunnan Province) Dai 325,126 2004–2005 – 12 –
Yi 582,596 2004–2005 – 20.8 –
Li su 147,794 2004–2005 – 50.8 –
Other ethnic minorities 1,922,430 2004–2005 – 0.96–36.4c
 Ali (2014) [43] Malaysia (Sabah and Sarawak) Bumiputera 2,981,300 2009 11 0.4 –
 Jollant (2014) [42] Philippines Palawan 1192 2002–2012 16 134 –
 Cheng (1992) [88] Taiwan Atayal – 1981–1985 – 46.3 –
Ami – 1981–1985 – 5.3 –
Bunun – 1981–1985 – 64.8 –
Paiwan – 1981–1985 – 16.3 –
 Hsieh (1994) [89] Taiwan Indigenous peoples 200,000 1971–1990 1597 40.1 –
Atayal – 1971–1990 928 57.6 –
Bunun – 1971–1990 222 44.7 –
Paiwan – 1971–1990 204 21.3 –
 Wen (2004) [90] Taiwan Indigenous peoples 200,537 1998–2000 128 21.9 –
 Liu (2011) [91] Taiwan (East region) Ami – 1979–1981 30 15.6 –
Atayal – 1979–1981 30 68.2 –
Region of the Americas (Brazil and Canada)
 Coloma (2006) [45] Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) Indigenous peoples (6 tribes)d 53,325 2000–2003 194 96.2 –
 Souza (2013) [46] Brazil (Amazonas) Indigenous peoples 184,764 2006–2010 131 – 18.4
Manaus Indigenous peoples – 2006–2010 – 0
Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira Indigenous peoples – 2006–2010 – 41.9
Tabatinga Indigenous peoples – 2006–2010 – 75.8
 Machado (2015) [92] Brazil Indigenous peoples – 2012 – 14.4 –
 Orellana (2016) [21] Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul) Indigenous peoples (3 tribes)e 75,000 2009–2011 – – 65.2
 Butler (1965) [93] Canada (NWT/Nunavut) Inuit 7949 1959–1964 9 18.8 –
NWT First Nation 5284 1959–1964 0 0 –
Yukon First Nation 2207 1959–1964 5 37.7 –
 Young (1983) [94] Canada (Northwestern Ontario) Cree and Ojibway 10,000 1972–1981 17 16.1 –
 Fox (1984) [95] Canada (Wikwemikong, Ontario) Anishinaabe 3000 1976–1980 – 26.7 –
 Wotton (1985) [96] Canada (Labrador) Innu and Inuit 2500 1979–1983 8 65.5 –
 Spaulding (1985) [97] Canada (Northern Ontario) Ojibway 3005 1975–1982 14 61.7 –
 Mao (1986) [98] Canada (7 provinces) First Nation (on reserve) 168,529 1977–1982 344 34 –
 Ross (1986) [68] Canada Cree 2822 1981–1984 7 83 –
 Garro (1988) [99] Canada (Manitoba) First Nation (Status Indians) 43,000 1973–1982 174 40.2 –
Dene – 1973–1982 – 13 –
Ojibway (Northern) – 1973–1982 – 5 –
Cree – 1973–1982 – 22 –
Saulteaux – 1973–1982 – 48 –
Dakota – 1973–1982 – 80 –
 Malchy (1997) [100] Canada (Manitoba) First Nation and Métis – 1988–1994 227 38 31.8
 Chandler (1998) [16] Canada (British Colombia) First Nation – 1987–1992 220 45.2 –
 Isaacs (1998) [101] Canada (NWT) Dene – 1994–1996 – 29 –
NWT/Nunavut Inuit – 1994–1996 – 79 –
 Bramley (2004) [32] Canada First Nation – 1999 – – 27.8
 Macaulay (2004) [8] Canada (Kivalliq, Nunavut) Inuit 7131 1987–1996 31 – 45.1
 Penney (2009) [102] Canada (Nunavut) Inuit 20,489 1999–2003 – – 95.6
Canada (Nunavik) Inuit 7628 1999–2003 – – 159.8
 Pollock (2016) [30] Canada (Labrador) Innu 1815 1993–2009 28 –137.0 114
Inuit 2415 1993–2009 64 –186.8 165.6
Region of the Americas (USA, National)
 Ogden (1970) [103] USA (24 Western states) American Indian and Alaska Native 630,000 1967 94 17 23.1
 Young (1993) [104] USA (IHSA) American Indian and Alaska Native – 1979–1981 – 18.6 –
 Lester (1994) [105] USA American Indian and Alaska Native – 1980 – 13.3 –
 Lester (1995) [106] USA (48 states) American Indian and Alaska Native 984–166,464¶ 1980 – 0.0–64.7f
 Stevenson (1998) [34] USA American Indian – 1990–1992 572 – 15.5
 Bramley (2004) [32] USA American Indian and Alaska Native – 1999 – – 12
 Howard (2014) [107] USA American Indian and Alaska Native 2,439,419 1999–2010 4219 – 14.2
 Herne (2014) [6] USA (IHSA) American Indian and Alaska Native – 1999–2009 3600 – 21.1
Pacific Coast IHSA American Indian and Alaska Native – 1999–2009 532 – 18.2
Southwest IHSA American Indian and Alaska Native – 1999–2009 1066 – 19.9
South Plains IHSA American Indian & Alaska Native – 1999–2009 626 – 18.7
North Plains IHSA American Indian and Alaska Native – 1999–2009 755 – 26.2
East IHSA American Indian and Alaska Native – 1999–2009 93 – 8.4
Alaska IHSA American Indian and Alaska Native – 1999–2009 528 – 42.5
Region of the Americas (USA, Alaska)
 Kraus (1979) [108] USA (Alaska) Alaska Native 56,477 1970 – 29.6 –
 Travis (1983) [109] USA (Alaska) Alaska Native – 1975–1979 – 15.8–52.6g
 Travis (1984) [110] USA (NANA, Alaska) Inupiat 7345 1974–1980 – 106 –
USA (Arctic Slope, Alaska) Inupiat – 1974–1980 – 19.2 –
 Hlady (1988) [111] USA (Alaska) Alaska Native – 1983–1984 65 – 42.9
 Forbes (1988) [112] USA (Alaska) Alaska Native – 1985 47 64.9 68.8
 Kettl (1991) [113] USA (Alaska) Alaska Native – 1979–1984 90 23.4 –
 Andon (1997) [114] USA (Alaska) Athabascan 6041 1977–1987 40 55.1 –
 Marshall (1998) [115] USA (Alaska) Alaska Native 25,000 1979–1990 186 49 –
Yupik – 1979–1990 103 53 –
Inupiat – 1979–1990 60 89 –
Athabascan – 1979–1990 23 147 –
 Day (2003) [47] USA (Alaska) Alaska Native 91,300 1989–1998 – – 49.7
 Day (2009) [116] USA (Alaska) Alaska Native 97,012 1999–2003 204 – 36.1
 Wexler (2012) [7] USA (Northwestern Alaska) Alaska Native 7965 2001–2009 38 60 –
 Holck (2013) [48] USA (Alaska) Alaska Native 138,312 2004–2008 252 – 42.4
Region of the Americas (USA, Lower 48 States + Hawaii)
 Levy (1965) [117] USA (New Mexico) Navajo 87,000 1954–1963 59 8.3 –
 Kalish (1968) [118] USA (Hawai‘i) Kānaka Maoli (Native Hawaiian) – 1959–1965 – 17.8 –
Other Pacific peoples – 1959–1965 – 6.8 –
 Conrad (1974) [119] USA (Arizona) Tohono O’odham 12,179 1967–1971 10 – 18
 Shore (1975) [120] USA (Pacific Northwest) American Indian 23,921 1969–1971 20 27.8 –
 Sievers (1975) [121] USA (Arizona) American Indian 40,361 1971–1973 17 16.8 –
Apache – 1971–1973 – 40 –
Akimel O’odham – 1971–1973 – 7 –
Other American Indian tribes – 1971–1973 – 26 –
 Miller (1979) [122] USA (Southwest) American Indian – 1977 – 57.8 –
 Humphrey (1982) [123] USA (North Carolina) Cherokee – 1974–1976 – 31.1 –
Lumbee – 1974–1976 – 10.3 –
 Broudy (1983) [124] USA (Mexico and Arizona) American Indian 162,303 1975–1977 – – 28.5
 Simpson (1983) [125] USA (Northeastern Arizona) Hopi 9406 1979–1980 5 27 –
 Levy (1987) [126] USA (Northern Arizona) American Indian 7600 1981 – 23.7 –
 Copeland (1989) [127] USA (Florida) American Indian 11,050 1982–1986 1 11 –
 Sievers (1990) [128] USA (Arizona) Akimel O’odham 4915 1975–1984 26 53 51
 Van Winkle (1993) [15] USA (New Mexico) Apache – 1980–1987 179h – 48.8
Navajo 58,936 1980–1987 – 18.2
Pueblo – 1980–1987 – 32.2
 Wissow (2001) [129] USA (Southwest) American Indian 12,000 1985–1996 – 30.7 24.6
 Mullany (2009) [130] USA (Arizona) White Mountain Apache 15,500 2001–2006 41 45.5 40
 Martin (2010) [131] USA (North Carolina) American Indian – 2004–2007 39 8.5 –
 Christensen (2013) [132] USA (South Dakota) American Indian 82,073 2000–2010 236 29 28

WHO World Health Organization, CSIR crude suicide incidence rate, SSIR standardized suicide incidence rate, FSM Federated States of Micronesia, NWT Northwest Territories, IHSA Indian Health Services Area

Standardized rates were adjusted with various populations; therefore they are not directly comparable. Population n are based on reported estimates in each article, but may not reflect denominators used to calculate incidence

aGeneral terms such as Indigenous, Pacific Peoples, or First Nation were used when a specific nation or tribe was not identifiable

bIndigenous tribes in Brunei Darussalam included Kedayan, Belait, Tutong, Bisya, Murut, Dusun, and Iban

cRate range for 10 ethnic minority groups in Yunnan Province, China: Hui, Ha ni, A chang, Pumi, Bai, Yao, Zhuang, Miao, Meng gu, and Jing po minorities

dIndigenous tribes in Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil included Kadiwe’u, Guato, Ofaie ´-Xavante, Guarani-Kaiowá, Guarani-Ñandeva, and Terena

eIndigenous tribes included Guarani-Kaiowá, Guarani-Ñandeva, and Terena

fPopulation and rate range included 48 states

gRate range for 9 Native regional corporations in Northwest Alaska: Athna, Bering Straits, Bristol Bay, Calista, Chugach, Cook Inlet, Doyon, Koniag, and Sealaska (NANA and Arctic Slope not extracted due to duplicate data with Travis, 1984 [110])

hTotal number of deaths for Apache, Navajo, and Pueblo populations combined